• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.138-139
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-47
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• 1987

This experiment was conducted to obtain basic information on breeding of flue-cured tabacco varieties . Nine cultivars and partial diallel set of 36 Fl hybrids were grown at Daegu Experiment Station, Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute in 1983. Partial dominance with high additive gene effect was observed for yield, leaves per plant , days to flower, leaf weight, nicotine and reducing sugar content. partial dominance with additive and dominant gene effect was observed for stalk height , leaf width midrib weight Overdominance with high dominant gene effect was observed for leaf length and midrib width. The directions of dominance were positive for yield, stalk height, leaf weight, leaf length, leaf width, midrib weight, midrib width and reducing sugar content, and the negative was days to flower. The estimates of effective genes were 1 for leaves per plant, 2 for stalk height, days to flower and leaf shape. 3 to 6 for leaf length, leaf width, leaf weight and midrib weight.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.7-27
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• 2003

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate acute and subacute toxicity and sarcoma-180 anti-cancer effects of herbal acupuncture with cultivated wild ginseng (distilled) in mice and rats. Method : Balb/c mice were injected intravenous with cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenous with cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture for subacute toxicity test. The cultivated wild ginseng herbal-acupuncture was injected at the tail vein of mice. Results : 1. In acute $LD_{50}$ toxicity test, there was no mortality thus unable to attain the value. 2. Examining the toxic response in the acute toxicity test, there was no sign of toxication. 3. In acute toxic test, running biochemical serum test couldn't yield any differences between the control and experiment groups. 4. In subacute toxicity test, there was no sign of toxication in the experimental groups and didn't show any changes in weight compared to the normal group. 5. In subacute toxicity test, biochemical serum test showed significant increase of Total albumin, Albumin, and Glucose in the experimental group I compared with the control group. Significant decrease of GOT, ALP, GPT, and Triglyceride were shown. In experiment group II, only Glucose showed significant increase compared with the control group. 6. Measuring survival rate for anti-cancer effects of Sarcoma-180 cancer cell line, all the experimental groups showed significant increase in survival rate. 7. Measuring NK cell activity rate, no significant difference was shown throughout the groups. 8. Measuring Interleukin-2 productivity rate, all the experimental groups didn't show significant difference. 9. For manifestation of cytokine mRNA, significant decrease of interleukin-10 was witnessed in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, we can conclude cultivated wild ginseng herbal acupuncture caused negligible toxicity, and had anti-tumor effects in mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 1998

In order to minimize the trial frequency in the new filter cigarette design, we studied the relationship between smoke yield and tipping materials of cigarette. A three levels full factorial design involving filament denier (X1,2.5-3.3d), Porosity of the acetate filter plug wrap (X2, 3,500-16,000CU) and porosity of the tip paper (X3, 400-1,200CU) was used. Three independent factors (Xl, X2, X3) were chosen for their effects on the various responses and the function was expressed in terms of a quadratic polynomial equation, Y : $\beta$o + $\beta$1Xl + $\beta$2X2 + $\beta$3X3 + $\beta$11Xl2 + $\beta$22X22+ $\beta$33X32 + $\beta$12X1X2 + $\beta$13XIX3 $\beta$23X2X3 which measures the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Twenty-nine trial numbers were obtained as a results of using a three levels full factorial design and it was analyzed by the multiple regression analysis with backward stepwise in STATISTICA/pc under restricted conditions. Tar yields of the cigarette was affected by porosity of tip paper (0.66), filament denier (0.47) and porosity of plug wrap (0.28) in the decreasing order, and linear effect of tip paper porosity (B3) and filament denier (91) were significant at a level of 0.01($\alpha$). The filament denier and tipping paper porosity interaction F ratio among three factors had a P-value of 0,000041, indicating higher interaction between these factors. Based on the analysis of variance, the model fitted for Tar (Y1) was significant at 5% confidence level and the coefficient of determination (0.96) was the proportion of variability in the data fitted for by the model.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2015

Background: Although the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far. Methods: The aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1-4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results and conclusion: The glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$): $63.8{\pm}6.4{\mu}M$ and $59.4{\pm}6.8{\mu}M$, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < $100{\mu}M$, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect ($IC_{50}$: $7.7{\pm}0.6{\mu}M$ and $8.0{\pm}0.9{\mu}M$, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < $20{\mu}M$. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 2014

Background: This study evaluated changes in ginsenoside compositions and antioxidant activities in hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with heating temperature. Methods: Heat treatment was performed at temperatures of $90^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$, and $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours Results: The ginsenoside content varied significantly with heating temperature. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re in HGR decreased with increasing heating temperature. Ginsenosides F2, F4, Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (S form), Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5, which were absent in the raw ginseng, were formed after heat treatment. The levels of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1 in HGL decreased with increasing heating temperature. Conversely, ginsenosides Rk3, Rh4, Rg3 (R form), Rk1, and Rg5 increased with increasing heating temperature. In addition, ginsenoside contents of heated HGL were slightly higher than those of HGR. The highest extraction yield was 14.39% at $130^{\circ}C$, whereas the lowest value was 10.30% at $150^{\circ}C$ After heating, polyphenol contents of HGR and HGL increased from 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (mg GAE eq/g) and 0.74 mg GAE eq/g to 6.16 mg GAE eq/g and 2.86 mg GAE eq/g, respectively. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities of HGR and HGL, measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging ability, increased with increasing heating temperature. These results may aid in improving the biological activity and quality of ginseng subjected to heat treatments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.66-71
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• 2003

We screened preventives (preventers) from natural resources to prevent the rust phenomenon in ginseng roots. We examined that how these influence on the rusty phenomenon and the growth of 2 years old ginsengs treated in the preventers. All treats which was compounding preventers & improvers were so excellent of the ginsengs growth. Especially, the growth of 2 years old ginsengs treated with bio-preventer of ICPE-C105 and ICPE-P107R were increased to 73%, 28% compared with nontreatment, respectively. Though rusty ginseng of rate was emerged 58% in control, preventers ICPE-C 105 and ICPE-P107 were emerged of each 16.7%, 20%. It was affirmed effective of preventer. On the other hands, amounts of ginsenoside treated with preventatives showed to be changed. The total ginsenoside was increased to 71% with treatment ICPE-C105R which is the highest among groups compared to control, and ICPE-P$\_$107/R was increased to 50%. To sum up with total results, it is biotic preventatives (ICPE-C$\_$105/R and ICPE-P$\_$107/R) which we created improve both a high yield of ginseng roots and the inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. phenomenon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

This study was conducted to evaluate the affect of soil conditioners and their application rates on the growth, Yield and quality of Flue-cured tobacco. Soil conditioners for this study were Montmorillonite arid Zeolite as clay mineral source and Rice hull and Sawdust as organic source. Their application rates were 500, 1000, 2000kg/10a. The growth of tobacco plants was promoted, compared with that of Non- treated plot (control) by Zeolite, Montmorillonite and Rice hull application but decreased by Sawdust application. During tobacco growing season soil moisture content, compared with control, was increased by Zeolite and Montmorillonite application but decreased by Rice hull and Sawdust application. In contrast to soil moisture content, soil temperature was higher in the Rice hull and Sawdust plot than in the plot of Zeolite and Montmorillonite. The treatment of Sawdust, compared with control, obviously accelerated the maturity of tobacco, increased reducing Sugar but decreased total alkaloids, nicotine and nitrogen content of cured leaves. The Sawdust Plot decreased the Yield (kg/10a) with significant difference by 1 %level but significantly increased leaf quality (Won/kg) and value (Won/10a) by 1%and 5 %level, respectively. The present application , ate of Nitrogen in Korea (12.5kg/10a) seems to be excessive for Flue-cured tobacco production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.194-198
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• 1982

The data from the fertilizer experiments from 1974 to 1981 were compiled and interpretation were made as to the effect of soil fertility on the quality and yield of cured tobacco supplied with conventional rate (10-15-20, 125Kg/10a). With high soil fertility, the yield of tobacco with conventional rate increased in quadratic curve, but the quality decreased. The results indicate that soil which can produce 81Kg/10a of flue-cured tobacco without fertilizer application would be optimum to the 125Kg/10a fertilizer application. On the other hand, Flue-cured tobacco yields of non-fertilizer plot are supposed to be fertility of determining the application rate which can be recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1993

This experiment were conducted to investigate heterosis and combining ability for several mutant characters by analyzing dialled crosses of flue-cured tobacco. In a dialled cross of 3 flue-cured varieties and the mutant line 83H -5, the heterosis was somewhat higher in Fl than in F2. For growth character, the heterosis was 0.28-6.03% in plant height, leaf number, leaf shape index and yield, and was 43.2% for bacterial wilt disease index. The mutant line 83H-5 showed significantly negative GCA effect for plant height, leaf width and bacterial wilt disease index in Fl and F2, leaf length in F2, and positive GCA effect for total alkaloids, total nitrogen in Fl and days to flower in F2, respectively. Specific combining ability(SCA) in 83H-5 x Hicks was significant in negative effect for leaf length(F2), number of leaves(F2), leaf shape(F1, F2), bacterial wilt(F2) and alkaloids(F1), and in 83H-5 x NC 2326 in positive effect for leaf length(F1, F2) and leaf width(F2), and for 83H-5 x NC 82 in positive effect for plant height(F1, F2) and leaf width(F2), and for 83H-5 x NC 82 in Positive effect for Plant height(F1, F2), leaf length(F2) and yield(F1, F2).