• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.236-238
• /
• 2018

This study investigated the characteristics of different cultivars of Lentinula edodes in sawdust culture at different cultivation days. Between cultivation days 30-120, the color of 'Sanjo701ho' displayed a reduction in L value (brightness) from $83.8{\pm}2.5$ to $45.7{\pm}2.3$, values a and b increased, but hardness decreased from $9.4{\pm}0.9g/mm$ to $2.6{\pm}0.2g/mm$. Between cultivation days 30-120, 'Nongjingo' displayed a reduction in L value from $86.2{\pm}2.1$ to $53.4{\pm}1.3$. Values a and b increased with longer cultivation; however, hardness decreased from $4.8{\pm}0.7g/mm$ on day 30 to $3.8{\pm}1.0g/mm$ on day 120. 'Sanjo701ho' was first harvested at 46 days after a 30-, 89 days after a 60-, 8 days after a 90- (the shortest), and 9 days after a 120-day cultivation. The average fruit body weight was the highest on day 90 of cultivation, at 48.3 g, when the diameter and thickness of the mushroom cap also appeared highest. However, the colorimetric results showed that fruiting bodies produced in the culture medium for 120 cultivation days showed the most excellent commercial properties. 'Nongjingo' was first harvested at 22 days after a 30-, 18 days after a 60-, 8 days after a 90- (the shortest), and 9 days after a 120-day cultivation. Therefore, this study determined that a stable quantity of mushrooms with high commerciality can be produced with 120 cultivation days, considering the shiitake culture and the characteristics of the fruit body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.189-202
• /
• 1999

The study was carried out from March to May in 1998 to compare the food habits and food preference of 391 men in Kyung Nam area who were between twenties and sixties. The summarized results are as follow: 1. The 30's were highest(173.8cm) and the 60's were lowest(168.3cm) in their average stature. The 30's were heaviest(68.2Kg) and the 20's were lightest(62.3Kg) in their average weight(P<0.001). Average BMI was highest in the 50's and lowest in the 20's. 2. Average food habit score of the subjects(4.08) was as low as belonging to the poor group and lowest was 20's. 3. The rate of not eating was highest in the breakfast and the subjects ate breakfast more as they were older(P<0.001). The serious problem of food habit was irregular eating time. The subjects ate in the more irregular time as they were younger. 4. 88.9% of the subjects preferred cooked rice and cereals as their main food, kimchi as their side dish and fruit as their eating between meals. 5. We found great differences in the kinds and number of drinkings subjects preferred as their ages(P<0.001). 20's preferred cider and cola. 30's, 40's and 50's preferred coffee and 60's preferred ginseng tea and citron tea. The rate of smoking was higher in 30's and 40's then in 20's and 50's. 6. 72.9% of the 20's and 16.7% of the 60's ate instant food more than 2-3 times a week. They ate Ramen most often because of its convenience. They ate out more as they were younger and preferred Korean food as their eating out menu. 7. The degree of preference in a sweet taste was highest in 20's and lowest in 40's (P<0.01) and the degree in the preference of a sour taste became lower as they were older(P<0.001). Only in the preference of a salty taste, we could find the difference of the BMI level. They showed high degree in the preference of a salty taste as the order of the over-weight group, normal group, under-weight group and fat group. They showed meaningful correlationship between the level of BMI and the degree of preference of a salty taste in 20's and 40's and between the food habit score and the level of BMI in 60's (P<0.05).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.529-541
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the eating behaviors and the food preferences of the tourism transportation business managers in Daegu areas by age. The survey was performed from 17 to August 25, 2003 by questionnaires and the subjects were 365 males. As a general factor, the subjects of survey were male drivers in their thirties to sixties. Their education level was middle school(44.9%) and high school(45.8%) diploma. This study showed that the managers eat three meals per day with high percentage(75.9%) and a large number of managers(24.1%) eat two meals only. 77.8% of the subjects responded that their diet life were irregular due to the property of their job. Frequency of eating-out turned out to be much higher in managers aged 60 over(p<0.001). They considered taste of the food firstly, and the prices of the food secondly, but the nutritional value of the food was considered with a low percentage(22.7%). We found that their BMI were overweight from 23.5 to 26.01, their calorie and some nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient(less than 75% of RDA) was vitamin B₂ followed by calcium. The food preferences of subjects showed that the managers preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple foods. Their favorite menu of one-course Korean style meal turned out to be the bibimbob(boiled rice mixed with assorted vegetable and meat). As for subsidiary foods, out of all various meat soups, beef soups and beef-rib soups were most preferred. The most preferred stew were soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, and the most preferred cooked vegetables were cooked spinach, seasoned cucumber. Baechu kimchi(white cabbage kimchi) were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the watermelons, apples, and pears. For beverages the most preferred were ginseng tea, fruit juices and dietary fiber drinks. From the results listed above, the nutritional education needed to be done to the tourism transportation business managers to set the proper menu considering the characteristics of the preference each age group of managers.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.149-157
• /
• 1990

Five strains of Armillaria mellea were collected from the forest of Chonbuk province and isolated from the tissue of fruit bodies. Nutritional and environmental characteristics of mycelial cultivation and rhizomorph production of Armillaria mellea isolated were determined in sawdust media, woody inocula and soils. The sawdust media of Styphnolobium japonicum, Culhamia simplex, Populus monilifera and Populua davidiana were proper for mycelial growth. The ranges of optimum pH, temperature and moisture content for mycelial growth were in the range of $4.5{\sim}5.0$, ${\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and $65{\sim}70%$, respectively. Among the various additives and inorganic salts added, 10% rice bran and 3% $CaCO_3$ were effective to mycelial growth. The woody inocula of Styphnolobium japonicum, Culhamia simplex, Quercus acutissima and Quercus veriabilis were proper for rhizomorph production. The ranges of optimum pH, moisture content and temperature for rhizomorph production were in the range of $4.5{\sim}4.9,$ $45{\sim}55%\;(w/w)$ and $20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$, respectively. Distribution of rhizomorphs in soil was varied with depth, but the main concentration occurred in the range of $7.5{\sim}12.5\;cm$. They were rarely found below 25.0 cm.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.1279-1285
• /
• 2011

Korea is currently underway research to estimate carbon footprint in agriculture centered on the RDA (Rural Development Administration). This study was estimated carbon footprint for major 47 crops. In addition, contribution of inorganic chemical fertilizers, main elements for production of crops were analyzed. The carbon footprint of $5.78E+00kg\;CO_2\;eq.\;kg^{-1}$ for citrus fruit in greenhouse was highest, grape in greenhouse, sweet pepper in greenhouse, ginseng, green pepper in greenhouse were followed by $4.61E+00kg\;CO_2\;eq.\;kg^{-1}$, $4.34E+00kg\;CO_2\;eq.\;kg^{-1}$, $4.23E+00kg\;CO_2\;eq.\;kg^{-1}$, $4.04E+00kg\;CO_2\;eq.\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. Next, production phase contribution of inorganic chemical fertilizer to carbon footprint of crop 1 kg were analyzed mean value 1.88%, 9.06% for single fertilizers and complex fertilizers respectively. And use phase accounted for mean value 14.24%. Therefore, to reduce the fertilization of inorganic chemical fertilizer will be reduced $CO_2$ from crop production, also greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural sector will be reduced.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2023

The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs established the FarmMap, an digital map of agricultural land. In this study, using deep learning, we suggest the application of farm map reading to farmland such as paddy fields, fields, ginseng, fruit trees, facilities, and uncultivated land. The farm map is used as spatial information for planting status and drone operation by digitizing agricultural land in the real world using aerial and satellite images. A reading manual has been prepared and updated every year by demarcating the boundaries of agricultural land and reading the attributes. Human reading of agricultural land differs depending on reading ability and experience, and reading errors are difficult to verify in reality because of budget limitations. The farmmap has location information and class information of the corresponding object in the image of 5 types of farmland properties, so the suitable AI technique was tested with ResNet50, an instance segmentation model. The results of attribute reading of agricultural land using deep learning and attribute reading by humans were compared. If technology is developed by focusing on attribute reading that shows different results in the future, it is expected that it will play a big role in reducing attribute errors and improving the accuracy of digital map of agricultural land.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 2020

The application of color retention agents (3 items), preservatives (17 items), and bleaching agents (6 items) as food additives in processed foods were investigated by food type. Among color retention agents, sodium nitrite was used the most with 257 cases, mainly in seasoned jeoktal (71.21%), ready-to-eat foods (7.78%), and breads (4.87%). Of the benzoates (1,236 cases) used as a preservative, sodium benzoate showed up most, in 1,215 cases, while 81.16% of these were in beverages such as beverage base (39.51%), mixed beverages (22.47%), and ginseng/red ginseng beverages (8.89%). Grapefruit seed extracts (3,291 cases) were applied to 44 types of processed foods such as sauces (54.65%), liquid tea (10.46%), and other products (5.15%). Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (2,957 cases) was applied to products (total 96.44%) such as sauces (92.15%), blended soy sauce (2.77%), and pickled foods (1.52%). Potassium sorbate was applied to a total of 789 cases, mainly pickled foods (40.43%) and processed fishery products (47.15%). All 27 cases of sorbic acid were applied to fish paste (100%). Of the bleaching agents, sodium bisulfite and sodium hydrosulfite were mainly used in confectioneries, breads or rice cakes, and potassium metabisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sulfur dioxide were mainly found in alcoholic beverages including fruit wine, while sodium sulfite was mostly used in pickled foods. These results are deemed useful in applying food additives to processed foods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.251-259
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Various culture media have been used for hydroponic cultures of horticultural plants under the smart greenhouses with natural and artificial light types. Management of the culture medium for the control of medium amounts and/or necessary components absorbed by plants during the cultivation period is performed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and/or IoT (Internet of Things) in a smart farm system. This study was conducted to develop the cloud-based data analysis system for effective management of culture medium applying to hydroponic culture and plant growth in smart greenhouses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional inorganic Yamazaki and organic media derived from agricultural byproducts such as a immature fruit, leaf, or stem were used for hydroponic culture media. Component changes of the solutions according to the growth stage were monitored and plant growth was observed. Red and green lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) which developed 2~3 true leaves were considered as plant materials. The seedlings were hydroponically grown in the smart greenhouse with fluorescent and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights of $150{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ light intensity for 35 days. Growth data of the seedlings were classified and stored to develop the relational database in the virtual machine which was generated from an open stack cloud system on the base of growth parameter. Relation of the plant growth and nutrient absorption pattern of 9 inorganic components inside the media during the cultivation period was investigated. The stored data associated with component changes and growth parameters were visualized on the web through the web framework and Node JS. CONCLUSION: Time-series changes of inorganic components in the culture media were observed. The increases of the unfolded leaves or fresh weight of the seedlings were mainly dependent on the macroelements such as a $NO_3-N$, and affected by the different inorganic and organic media. Though the data analysis system was developed, actual measurement data were offered by using the user smart device, and analysis and comparison of the data were visualized graphically in time series based on the cloud database. Agricultural management in data visualization and/or plant growth can be implemented by the data analysis system under whole agricultural sites regardless of various culture environmental changes.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.34-48
• /
• 1982

1. Production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in Korea could be divided into five different phases of total imports, setting up fertilizer plants, self-sufficiency in production, net export, and diversification in compound fertilizers. Currently the nation has production capacity of 800 thousand M/T of nitrogen, 400 thousand M/T of phosphate ($P_2O_5$) and 200 thousand M/T of potash ($K_2O$). 2. Yearly consumption increased every year, since 1964, 28,000 M/T N, 7,700 M/T $P_2O_5$, and 7,500 M/T $K_2O$ until 1972, when the increase jumped by eight times for $P_2O_5$ and seven times for $K_2O$ for the following 3 years in anticipation of their short supply. Now total consumption has been more or less stabilized at the level of 450 thousand M/T N, 220 thousand M/T $P_2O_5$ and 180 thousand M/T $K_2O$ for the last 7 years. 3. Current operation rate of fertilizer plants is around 80% throughout the whole industry, after going through several different levels depending on demand at times. 4. Fertilizer export started in 1967 and reached a peak of 150 thousand nutrient ton in 1972, about 20% of total production, before temporarily stopping due to over-demand for next three years. The export resumed again in 1976 rise to the all time high of 670 thousand nutrient ton in 1980, almost half of total production, and then started to decline due to higher price of petroleum since then. 5. The decline in fertilizer export appears to be accelerated because several countries, in South-Eastern Asia, traditional export market for Korean fertilizers, started to build their own plants, since 1980, based on their raw materials of especially petroleum. 6. Current consumption in Korea is about 30 nutrient Kg per 10a, equivalent to that in Western European countries, partly due to new high-yielding rice varieties and extensive cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables. Additional fertilizer demand in future can be anticipated in reclaimed land for growing grass and forestry.