• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.178-182
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• 1989

한국담배인삼공사에서 제조된 홍삼제품류 9종에 대한 유효성분함량의 품질관리 연구 일환으로 조사포닌, vanillin-$H_2SO_4$ 비색법에 의한 총사포닌 및 HPLC에 의한 개별 ginsenoside의 함량을 조사하였다. 홍삼을 분말형태로 가공한 의료용분말, 삼분, 타브렛 및 캡슐제품은 사포닌함량, PD/PT 사포닌의 함유비율, ginsenoside의 함량과 조성패턴이 거의 유사하였다. 그러나 홍삼을 추출하여 그 농축물을 인스턴트 제품화시킨 정분, 삼정, 삼정차, 삼정환 및 삼차는 총사포닌함량뿐 아니라 PD/PT사포닌의 함유비율, ginsenoside의 함량과 조성패턴이 상이하였다. 따라서 홍삼제품류별로 사포닌함량과 패턴을 표준화시키고 원료삼으로부터 최종제품까지 제조과정별 품질관리를 수행함으로서 사포닌패턴과 함량이 균일한 제품생산이 가능할 것으로 믿어진다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2001

This study was carried out to isolate saponin compounds from red-ginseng efflux, which was produced during the industrial processing of red-ginseng from fresh ginseng. We isolated crude saponin from the efflux extract (moisture content 35.0%) by using Diaion HP-20 adsorption method. Non-saponin fraction, which was adsorbed on Diaion HP-20 resin, was removed by eluating with $H_{2}O$ and 25% spirit. Then crude saponin was eluated with 95% spirit, continuously. Saponin in the eluated fractions was confirmed by TLC analysis. Crude saponin isolated from red ginseng efflux extract contained 12.10% of saponin. whereas those of white ginseng and red-ginseng were 3.30 and 3.39%, respectively. Ginsenoside contents showed the highest contents kin crude saponin from red ginseng efflux extract. Expacilly, the ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and Re showed the highest contents in red-ginseng efflux extract when compared with those of white ginseng and red ginseng crude saponins. And the other ginsenosides except ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and -Re also showed the highest contents in red ginseng efflux extract. However, the ratio of PD saponin (Panaxadiol saponin: $Rb_{1}+Rb_{2}$+Rc+Rd) to PT saponin (panaxatriol: $Re+Rg_{1}$) showed almost the same level when compared with those of ginseng saponin fractions. Ratio of PD/PT from red ginseng efflux extract was 1.99. Ratios of PD/PT from white ginseng and red ginseng were 1.85 and 1.84, respectively. Saponin purity, which was calculated by ratio percent of total ginsenoside to curde saponin content, was 45.90%. In case of white ginseng and red ginseng, the purities were 35.50 and 36.00%, respectively. However, by PHLC analysis, we confirmed that crude saponin isolated from red ginsengs. It suggested that crude saponin isolated from red ginseng ellux also would be useful component as ginseng saponins.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1986

양분조성(N.P.K)을 달리하여 양액재배한 인삼근(2년생)에서 ginsenoside, triol(PT), diol(PD) 및 총saponin(TS)과의 관계를 단순, 다중회귀 및 standard partial regression coefficient의 검정으로 분석하였다. ginsenoside 상호간의 밀접도는 분자구조의 유이도와 관계가 깊은 것으로 나타났다. PT는 Re와 Rg1에 의존하였으며 PD의 변화는 Rb1>Rb2$\geq$Rd>Rc의 순으로 의존하였다. TS도 PD에 의존도가 커서 TS가 클수록 PT/PD가 적어졌다. PT가 커지면 PD는 더 커지므로 PT와 PT/PD는 부상관을 보였다. 근중이 커지면 모든 ginsenoside는 감소하는 경향이며 Re와는 유의성이 있었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.497-503
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• 1983

수광율의 차이가 인삼엽내의 saponin과 유리당함량 및 Panaxatriol(PT)/Panaxadiol(PD) 비에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 수광량이 자연광의 5, 10, 20, 30%의 수광율(LTR) 하에서 자란 4년생 인삼엽에서 이들을 조사하였던 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Ginsenoside별 함량은 PD계 사로닌에서는 -Rd가 가장 많았고, PT계 사포닌에서는 -Re, $Rg_1$, $-Rg_2$순으로 많았다. 2. Total 사포닌과 PT계 사로닌함량과 PT/PD의 비는 20% LTP까지 수광율이 많을수록 증가되다가 30% LTR에서는 약간 감소되었고, PD계 사포닌 함량은 수광율이 증가할수록 많아졌다. 3. Glucose, Fluctose 함량은 20% LTR에서 가장 많았으나 sucrose함량은 오히려 20% LTR에서 가장 적었다. 4. Total 사포닌 함량과 Glucose함량간에는 정(+)의 상관($r=0.992$^{**}$)이 인정되었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.116-123
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• 1998

고양이 말초혈액 탐식세포(단핵구세포(MNC) 및 다형핵백혈구(PMNC))의 탐식능 에 있어서 인삼 saponin(ginseng total saponin(G75), ginseng PT saponin(GPT) 및 ginseng PD saponin(GPD))의 면역증강 효과를 flow cytometry를 이용하여 분석하였다. 인삼 ssponins을 직접 첨가하여 배양한 MNC 및 PMNC에서는 탐식중강 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 각각의 인삼 saponin을 첨가하여 배양한 PMNC 및 MNC 배양상충액의 존재하에 PMNC 및 MNC의 탐식능을 겅토한 결과, MNC의 탐식능은 Gff 첨가 PMNC 배양상충액과 GTS 및 GPT 첨가 MNC 배양상충액의 존재하에서 약간의 탐식증강 효과를 보였다. PMNC 탐식능의 경우에는 GPD 첨가 PMNC 배양상충액에서 미약한 탐식증강 효과가 나타났으나, 각각의 인 삼 saponin 첨가 MNC 배양상충액 존재하에서는 모두 현저한 탐식중강 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 고양이 말초혈액 탐식세포의 탐식증강 효과는 인삼 saponin의 직접적인 작용보다는 인삼 saponin에 의해 활성화된 단핵구세포에서 분비되는 가용성물질에 의해 단 핵구세포보다는 다형핵백혈구에서 현저하게 탐식효과가 증강되는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 1989

Crude saponin and ginsenosides in commercial white ginsengs such as six kinds of whole ginsengs, five kinds of tail roots and one undergrade raw ginseng were analyzed. The contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in whole ginsengs were found to be 2.7 to 4.6% and 1.0 to 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, those of tail roots were 3.3 to 7.2% and 1.3 to 4.4%, respectively. The content ratio of PD to PT saponin in whole ginsengs showed a little variation as 0.73 to 0.92, while those of tail roots showed a greater variation in the range of 0.72 to 1.75, indicating that tail roots contain higher content of PD saponin than whole ginsengs did.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1996

This study was performed to examine the effect of red ginseng total saponin and extract on memory in mice using one trial step-down type passive avoidance method. Red ginseng total saponins (No. 1: PD/PT ratio=1.24, No. 2: PD/PT ratio=1.47) were prepared with the different mixing ratio by using the parts of red ginseng. In single administration of total saponin No. 1 (100 mg/ kg, bw) or No. 2 (50 mg/kg, bw) increased the latency time as compared with control group but was not statistically significant. Treatment of total saponin No. 1 (50 mg/kg, bw) for 10 days produced an increase of latency time but was not statistically significant. In scopolamine-induced memory deficient mice total saponin No. 1 (50 mg/kg, bw) and No. 2 (100 mg/kg, bw) significantly improved the latency time. These results show that red ginseng total saponin may improve the memory of sco-polamine-induced memory deficient mice and have nootropic activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2001

The effect of Korean Ginseng saponins (total saponin, PD saponin and PT saponin) on the serotonin type 3 receptor, which is known to be involved in nausea and vomiting following anticancer chemotherapy or the general anesthesia, was investigated. after in vitro transcribed recombinant serotonin type 3 receptor in the Xenopus laevis oocyte, classic two electrodes voltage clamp technique was used. All of ginseng saponins inhibited the response of the agonist, serotonin, on the serotonin type 3 receptor in a dose-dependent manner. PT saponin showed to have the inhibitory effect more than 2 times as potent as PD saponin. Total saponin shifted the serotonin dose response plot to the right (EC$\_$50/, 0.70$\pm$0.17 $\mu$M into 3.57$\pm$1.42 $\mu$M, and Hill coefficient, 2.14$\pm$0.60 into 1.52$\pm$1.00). Ginseng saponin did not change the reversal potential (∼0 mV) of serotonin type 3 receptor. These results suggest that Korean ginseng saponin may have the inhibitory effect on serotonin type 3 receptor.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.274-283
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• 1998

It has generally been accepted that quality of ginseng should be determined not by the content of a single component but by composition and balance of total active principles. However, there still can be an exception with a product in which a given ginsenoside is used for the treatment of a specific disease. Although ginsenosides have been regarded to be major active components of ginseng and employed as index components for the quality control, it does not consistent with the traditional concept on ginseng quality creterion; main root has been more highly appreciated than the lateral or fine root. Content of ginsenosides in the lateral or fine root is much higher than that in main root. However, the ratio of protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins existing in various part of ginseng root is greatly different. The ratio of PD/PT saponins in main root is well balanced but the thinner the root is the higher the ratio. Thus far, a total of 34 different kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from Korean (red) ginseng, and their pharmacological activities were elucidated partly. Interestingly, different ginsenoside shows similar or contrary effects to each other in biological systems, thus indicating the significance of absolute content of single ginsenoside as well as compositional patterns of each ginsenoside. Therefore, pharmacological activities of ginseng should be determined as a wholly concept. In these regards, standardization of ginseng material (fresh ginseng root) should be preceded to the standardization of ginseng products because ginsenoside content and non-saponin active principles such as polysaccharides and nitrogen (N)-containing compound including proteins are significantly different from part to part of the root. In other words, the main root contains less ginsenosides than other lateral or fine roots. Contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compound in main root is higher. However, the quality control of ginseng products focused on non-saponin compounds has limitation in applying to the analytical method, because of the difficult chemical analysis of these compounds. Content of ginsenosides, and ratios of PD/PT and ginsenoside Rb,/Rg, are inversely proportional to the diameter of ginseng root. Therefore, these can be served as the chemical parameters for the indirect method of evaluating from what part of the root does the material originate. Furthermore, contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compounds show inverse relationship to saponin content. Therefore, it seems that index for analytical chemistry of saponin can be applied to the indirect method of evaluating not only saponin but also non-saponin compounds of ginseng. From these viewpoints, it is strongly recommended that quality of ginseng or ginseng products be judged not only by the absolute content of given ginsenoside but also by varieties and compositional balance of ginsenosides, including contents of non-saponin active principles.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1995

The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of ginseng saponins [ginseng total saponin (GTS), protopanaxadiol saponin (PD) and protopanaxatriol saponin (PT)] on the hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity induced by cocaine. A single treatment with cocaine produced hyperactivity. Repeated administration of cocaine developed reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice which had received the same cocaine. The hyperactivity and the developments of reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity by cocaine were inhibited by ginseng saponins. From these results, it is proposed that ginseng saponins may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse actions of cocaine. In addition, the rank order of inhibitory potential was observed as PT>GTS>PD. Key words Cocaine, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, dopamine receptor super-sensitivity, ginseng saponins.