• Title/Summary/Keyword: generalized functions

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Distribution and Statistical Analysis of Discontinuities in Deep Drillcore (심부시추코어를 활용한 불연속면의 분포 특성 및 통계학적 해석)

  • Junghae Choi;Youjin Jung;Dae-Sung Cheon
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.415-427
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    • 2024
  • This study undertook a quantitative analysis of the distribution of fractures in deep drillcore from a Precambrian metamorphic complex on the north face of Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. The fracture distribution with depth, inclination of fractures, and grain size in the fracture zone were measured and statistical techniques applied to derive probability distributions of fracture intervals. Analysis of the inclination angles of fracture planes showed that sub-horizontal fractures are dominant, and fracture spacing is mainly ≤0.5 m, with a median of 0.09 m, first quartile of 0.04 m, and third quartile of 0.18 m, indicating very dense fracture development. Statistical analysis of joint properties was undertaken with fitting using five probability density functions (double Weibull, exponential, generalized logistic, gamma, and lognormal). The lognormal distribution (sum of squared errors, SSE = 2.80) yielded the best fit based on the sum of residual squares. Quantitative characterization of the fracture characteristics of deep bedrock in the Hongcheon area is important for various geotechnical applications such as groundwater flow modeling, slope stability assessment, and underground structure design. In future studies, it will be necessary to combine in situ stress measurements and geophysical surveys to determine the relationship between fracture development and the local stress field.

Improved Method Evaluating the Stiffness Matrices of Thin-walled Beam on Elastic Foundations (탄성지반위에 놓인 박벽보의 강성행렬산정을 위한 개선된 해석기법)

  • Kim, Nam-Il;Jung, Sung-Yeop;Lee, Jun-Seok;Kim, Moon-Young
    • Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.113-125
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    • 2007
  • Improved numerical method to obtain the exact stiffness matrices is newly proposed to perform the spatially coupled elastic and stability analyses of non-symmetric and open/closed thin-walled beam on elastic foundation. This method overcomes drawbacks of the previous method to evaluate the exact stiffness matrix for the spatially coupled stability analysis of thin-walled beam-column This numerical technique is accomplished via a generalized eigenproblem associated with 14 displacement parameters by transforming equilibrium equations to a set of first order simultaneous ordinary differential equations. Next polynomial expressions as trial solutions are assumed for displacement parameters corresponding to zero eigenvalues and the eigenmodes containing undetermined parameters equal to the number of zero eigenvalues are determined by invoking the identity condition. And then the exact displacement functions are constructed by combining eigensolutions and polynomial solutions corresponding to non-zero and zero eigenvalues, respectively. Consequently an exact stiffness matrix is evaluated by applying the member force-deformation relationships to these displacement functions. In order to illustrate the accuracy and the practical usefulness of this study, the numerical solutions are compared with results obtained from the thin-walled beam and shell elements.

Analysis of the Variation Pattern of the Wave Climate in the Sokcho Coastal Zone (속초 연안의 파랑환경 변화양상 분석)

  • Cho, Hong-Yeon;Jeong, Weon-Mu;Baek, Won-Dae;Kim, Sang-Ik
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.120-127
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    • 2012
  • Exploratory data analysis was carried out by using the long-term wave climate data in Sokcho coastal zone. The main features found in this study are as follows. The coefficient of variations on the wave height and period are about 0.11 and 0.02, respectively. It also shows that the annual components of the wave height and period are dominant and their amplitudes are 0.24 m and 0.56 seconds, respectively. The amount of intra-annual variation range is about two times greater than that of the inter-annual variation range. The distribution shapes of the wave data are very similar to the log-normal and GEV(generalized extreme value) functions. However, the goodness-of-fit tests based on the KS test show as "rejected" for all suggested density functions. Then, the structure of the timeseries wave height data is roughly estimated as AR(3) model. Based on the wave duration results, it is clearly shown that the continuous and maximum duration is decreased as a power function shape and the total duration is exponentially decreased. Meanwhile, the environment of the Sokcho coastal zone is classified as a wave-dominated environment.

Time-Varying Effects of Oil Shocks on the Korean Economy (한국경제에 미치는 유가충격의 시간-가변적 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Cha, Kyungsoo
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.495-520
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    • 2018
  • Because of structural changes in the international oil market and the economy, it is widely recognized that the impact of oil shocks on the economy has weaken since the mid-1980s. This study tries to examine the validity of the recent perception about the relationship between oils shocks and the economy, estimating the time-varying effects of oil shocks on the Korean economy. The results show that the dynamic effects of oil shocks normalized to a one standard deviation has been relatively constant, in contrast to the recent perception and a number of existing studies. In addition, because the shape of impulse response functions at each point in time spanning from 1984:II to 2017:IV has not been changed significantly, it seems that the propagation mechanism of oil shocks also has not been substantially altered. These findings indicate that even though structural changes of the economy, such as the reduction in the share of oil consumption and the spread of high-efficiency energy technologies, have been rapidly progressed, it is not still enough to offset the negative effects of oil shocks. Rather, it seems that the recent perception about the shrinking effects of oil shocks is mainly due to the assumptions that do not reflect changes in the size of oil shocks. In particular, this problem appears more pronounced in the case of the typical a one standard deviation increase oil shock under homoskedasticity assumption, which is widely adopted in the most VAR analyses. Therefore, in estimating the effects of oil shocks on the economy, it is important to specify the correct model and normalization method, to reflect changes in the size of oil shocks.

The Analysis for the Distinctive Directing of Speech Balloons in Webtoon (웹툰에 나타난 특징적 말칸 연출에 대한 분석)

  • Jeung, Kiu-Ha;Yoon, Ki-Heon
    • Cartoon and Animation Studies
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    • s.36
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    • pp.393-416
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    • 2014
  • Comics has three components: cuts, gap between cuts, speech balloons. Still, it is true that speech balloons are not commonly subject to the study for comics. A few preceding researches pinpoint exactly the morphological features and functions of speech balloons. In today when webtoon becomes generalized, these features and functions are continued as they are and are used in webtoon. We can catch that speech balloons are also affected since the environmental elements of web induce the change in the overall comics directing. There are two perspectives to sort out the features of speech balloons: first, the placement issue of speech balloons. The unlimited expansion of web space gives the environment for comicss to use the gap between cuts as wide as they can. It leads to turn out some of the ways to place the balloons, so we can sort them out general placement, exterior placement, the upper and lower placement, scroll-use type. Second, as the directing techniques for webtoon become digitalized by the morphological issue, speech balloon itself has been expanded its ways to express by various expression methods. Analyzing and classifying, recording the newly emerged conditions on the preceding study are worthy of trying and will become the cornerstone for the follow research.

Variable Selection in Frailty Models using FrailtyHL R Package: Breast Cancer Survival Data (frailtyHL 통계패키지를 이용한 프레일티 모형의 변수선택: 유방암 생존자료)

  • Kim, Bohyeon;Ha, Il Do;Noh, Maengseok;Na, Myung Hwan;Song, Ho-Chun;Kim, Jahae
    • The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.965-976
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    • 2015
  • Determining relevant variables for a regression model is important in regression analysis. Recently, a variable selection methods using a penalized likelihood with various penalty functions (e.g. LASSO and SCAD) have been widely studied in simple statistical models such as linear models and generalized linear models. The advantage of these methods is that they select important variables and estimate regression coefficients, simultaneously; therefore, they delete insignificant variables by estimating their coefficients as zero. We study how to select proper variables based on penalized hierarchical likelihood (HL) in semi-parametric frailty models that allow three penalty functions, LASSO, SCAD and HL. For the variable selection we develop a new function in the "frailtyHL" R package. Our methods are illustrated with breast cancer survival data from the Medical Center at Chonnam National University in Korea. We compare the results from three variable-selection methods and discuss advantages and disadvantages.

Modeling of Virtual Switch in Cloud System (클라우드 시스템의 가상 스위치 모델링)

  • Ro, Cheul-Woo
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.11 no.12
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    • pp.479-485
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    • 2013
  • Virtualization is a promising approach to consolidating multiple online services onto a smaller number of computing resources. A virtualized server environment allows computing resources to be shared among multiple performance isolated platforms called virtual machines. Through server virtualization software, applications servers are encapsulated into VMs, and deployed with APIs on top generalized pools of CPU and memory resources. Networking and security have been moved to a software abstraction layer that transformed computing, network virtualization. And it paves the way for enterprise to rapidly deploy networking and security for any application by creating the virtual network. Stochastic reward net (SRN) is an extension of stochastic Petri nets which provides compact modeling facilities for system analysis. In this paper, we develop SRN model of network virtualization based on virtual switch. Measures of interest such as switching delay and throughput are considered. These measures are expressed in terms of the expected values of reward rate functions for SRNs. Numerical results are obtained according to the virtual switch capacity and number of active VMs.

Technological Review for Location Based Services (위치기반 서비스를 위한 기술수요 조사)

  • Jin, Heui-Chae
    • Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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    • v.5 no.1 s.9
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    • pp.13-25
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    • 2003
  • The advent of LBS is caused by mobility advantage of wireless internet. The mobility has the information such as location which is based on LBS(Location based Services). It comes out as a killer application for wireless internet when market of wireless internet is diffused. In this paper, we build up the technical model and survey the requirement of technologies related LBS expanded as wireless internet services rapidly. First, we construct the conceptual model for LBS based on functions of LBS and characteristics of foreign models. This model is consisted of generalized components of LBS and can be used as a basic model to survey the requirement of each technologies. Second, we survey the demand of each technology for LBS. Then we analyze the importance of technologies for LBS to prepare developing various LBS. From this research, we can introduce proper plans and policy for LBS to develop technology stepwise, to promote industry activities and how to make up the foundation for LBS by government.

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Common Fixed Point Theorems of Commuting Mappinggs

  • Park, Wee-Tae
    • The Mathematical Education
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 1987
  • In this paper, we give several fixed point theorems in a complete metric space for two multi-valued mappings commuting with two single-valued mappings. In fact, our main theorems show the existence of solutions of functional equations f($\chi$)=g($\chi$)$\in$S$\chi$∩T$\chi$ and $\chi$=f($\chi$)=g($\chi$)$\in$S$\chi$∩T$\chi$ under certain conditions. We also answer an open question proposed by Rhoades-Singh-Kulsherestha. Throughout this paper, let (X, d) be a complete metric space. We shall follow the following notations : CL(X) = {A; A is a nonempty closed subset of X}, CB(X)={A; A is a nonempty closed and founded subset of X}, C(X)={A; A is a nonempty compact subset of X}, For each A, B$\in$CL(X) and $\varepsilon$>0, N($\varepsilon$, A) = {$\chi$$\in$X; d($\chi$, ${\alpha}$) < $\varepsilon$ for some ${\alpha}$$\in$A}, E$\sub$A, B/={$\varepsilon$ > 0; A⊂N($\varepsilon$ B) and B⊂N($\varepsilon$, A)}, and (equation omitted). Then H is called the generalized Hausdorff distance function fot CL(X) induced by a metric d and H defined CB(X) is said to be the Hausdorff metric induced by d. D($\chi$, A) will denote the ordinary distance between $\chi$$\in$X and a nonempty subset A of X. Let R$\^$+/ and II$\^$+/ denote the sets of nonnegative real numbers and positive integers, respectively, and G the family of functions ${\Phi}$ from (R$\^$+/)$\^$s/ into R$\^$+/ satisfying the following conditions: (1) ${\Phi}$ is nondecreasing and upper semicontinuous in each coordinate variable, and (2) for each t>0, $\psi$(t)=max{$\psi$(t, 0, 0, t, t), ${\Phi}$(t, t, t, 2t, 0), ${\Phi}$(0, t, 0, 0, t)} $\psi$: R$\^$+/ \longrightarrow R$\^$+/ is a nondecreasing upper semicontinuous function from the right. Before sating and proving our main theorems, we give the following lemmas:

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An Optimal Pricing and Inventory control for a Commodity with Price and Sales-period Dependent Demand Pattern

  • Sung, Chang-Sup;Yang, Kyung-Mi;Park, Sun-Hoo
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 2005.05a
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    • pp.904-913
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    • 2005
  • This paper deals with an integrated problem of inventory control and dynamic pricing strategies for a commodity with price and sales-period dependent demand pattern, where a seller and customers have complete information of each other. The problem consists of two parts; one is each buyer's benefit problem which makes the best decision on price and time for buyer to purchase items, and the other one is a seller's profit problem which decides an optimal sales strategy concerned with inventory control and discount schedule. The seller's profit function consists of sales revenue and inventory holding cost functions. The two parts are closely related into each other with some related variables, so that any existing general solution methods can not be applied. Therefore, a simplified model with single seller and two customers in considered first, where demand for multiple units is allowed to each customer within a time limit. Therewith, the model is generalized for a n-customer-classes problem. To solve the proposed n-customer-set problem, a dynamic programming algorithm is derived. In the proposed dynamic programming algorithm, an intermediate profit function is used, which is computed in case of a fixed initial inventory level and then adjusted in searching for an optimal inventory level. This leads to an optimal sales strategy for a seller, which can derive an optimal decision on both an initial inventory level and a discount schedule, in $O(n^2)$ time. This result can be used for some extended problems with a small customer set and a short selling period, including sales strategy for department stores, Dutch auction for items with heavy holding cost, open tender of materials, quantity-limited sales, and cooperative buying in the on/off markets.

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