• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1582-1585
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• 2004

The antioxidative ability on the basis of reduced glutathione sulphydryl level, the inhibition activities of linoleic acid peroxidation of cell free extract of Lactobacillus spp. and the effects of types of media and growth phase of the cells on the cellular GSH level have been determined. Correlation between reduced glutathione sulphydryl level and antioxidative ability of Lactobacillus spp. was analyzed: Lactobacillus casei HY 2782 contained 25.15 $\mu$mole/g of GSH, the cellular GSH level of L. casei HY 2782 reached maximum after 24 h of cultivation and tended to decrease on further cultivation up to 72 h. There was a significantly higher level of cellular GSH when grown in de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth than in tryptone phytone yeast extract (TPY) broth or bromcresol pruple dextrose (BCP) broth (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity of cell free extract of Lactobacillus spp. have been shown to be significantly different among strains in the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test (p<0.01). L. casei HY 2782 and L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 revealed a high degree of antioxidative effect in linoleic acid oxidation system. Spearmans' rank correlation coefficient between inhibitory activity on linoleic acid peroxidation and cellular GSH levels of Lactobacillus spp. was 0.65, which means a significant positive correlation.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to confirm the characteristics of oral malodor patients by evaluating the differences of salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level in saliva between the patient and control groups, and the correlation with the tongue coating, volatile sulfur compound (VSC), salivary flow rate and sIgA level in saliva in the patients group. Methods : Forty-seven patients with oral malodor and twenty healthy volunteers were included in this study. Their tongue coating was assessed with the Winkel tongue coating index, and salivary flow rate, sIgA concentrations in saliva and the level of VSC in oral cavity were measured. Results : There were no significant differences of the salivary flow rate and the sIgA level in saliva between the patient and control groups, but there was a significant relationship between the accumulation of tongue coating and the level of VSC in oral cavity. Conclusions : Our results suggest that tongue coating is closely related to oral malodor, but further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between tongue coating and sIgA level in saliva.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.704-715
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• 2016

In this paper, we explore a low-complex bandwidth allocation (BA) scheme with multi-level service guarantees in VLC-OFDM systems. Effective capacity theory, which evaluates wireless channel capacity from a novel view, is utilized to model the system capacity under delay QoS constraints of the link layer. Since intensity modulation of light is used in the system, problems caused by frequency selectivity can be neglected. Then, the BA problem can be formulated as an integer programming problem and it is further relaxed and transformed into a concave one. Lagrangian formulation is used to reformulate the concave problem. Considering the inefficiency of traditional gradient-based schemes and the demand for distributed implementation in local area networks, we localize the global parameters and propose a quasi-distributed quadratic allocation algorithm to provide two-level service guarantees, the first level is QoS oriented, and the second level is QoE oriented. Simulations have shown the efficient performance of the proposed algorithm. The users with more stringent QoS requirements require more subcarriers to guarantee their statistical delay QoS requirements. We also analyze the effect of subcarrier granularity on the aggregate effective capacity via simulations.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.168-173
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• 2014

Background: Recently, there have been several case reports and retrospective studies about the incidence of intradiscal (ID) injection during transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). Inadvertent ID injection is not a rare complication, and it carries the risk of developing diskitis, although there has been no report of diskitis after TFESI. We prospectively evaluated the incidence of inadvertent ID injection during lumbar TFESI and analyzed the contributing factors. Methods: Ten patients received 2-level TFESI, and the remaining 229 patients received 1-level TFESI. When successful TFESI was performed, 2 ml of contrast dye was injected under real-time fluoroscopy to check for any inadvertent ID spread. A musculoskeletal radiologist analyzed all magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of patients who demonstrated inadvertent ID injection. When reviewing MRIs, the intervertebral foramen level where ID injection occurred was carefully examined, and any anatomical structure which narrowing the foramen was identified. Results: Among the 249 TFESI, we identified 6 ID injections; thus, there was an incidence of 2.4%. Four patients had isthmic spondylolisthesis, and the level of spondylolisthesis coincided with the level of ID injection. We further examined the right or left foramen of the spondylolisthesis level and identified the upward migrated disc material that was narrowing the foramen. Conclusions: Inadvertent ID injection during TFESI is not infrequent, and pain physicians must pay close attention to the type and location of disc herniation.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.133-153
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• 2019

Due to the uncertainty of dynamic business environment, modern organizations have been giving attention to dynamic capabilities beyond traditional notion of core competence. Among them, absorptive capacity and boundary-spanning activity are considered the most important. The former refers to activities regarding acquisition, assimilation, transformation and exploitation of internal and external knowledge. The latter is composed of boundary-loosening and boundary-tightening activities to detect internal or external information and then to preserve, protect, or acquire resources. Thus, both have achieved wide recognition as a potential source of change and innovation. This study investigated the cross-level relation between boundary-spanning leadership at team level and absorptive capacity at individual level. We also explored self-efficacy and extra-role behavior that can affect employees' absorptive capacity. To test multi-level analysis, the survey data were collected from 862 members in 137 teams of different firms. Results revealed that boundary-spanning leadership had the positive cross-level impact on absorptive capacity in the team context. Moreover, absorptive capacity was positively associated with self-efficacy and extra-role behavior at individual level. Based on these findings, we provided theoretical and practical implications to address rapidly changing environments and discussed limitations of this paper for further research.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.21-35
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• 2022

Measuring the food safety has been focused only on the psychological consumers' recognition of food safety. The actual measurement tool should consist of the evidence-based statistical data to assess the level of national food safety in scientific perspectives. This paper described the development of a concept to measure the food safety of the food chain based on OECD PSR framework. This paper discusses the elaboration of a set of 8 food safety related data issued as statistical data, and which were same weighted. These food safety statistical data (FSDs) were derived as the basis of measuring the variation of food safety during 2013-2019. The values of the primary production indicator (PPI), the processing and manufacturing indicator (PMI), and the distribution and consumption indicator (DCI) are 0.558-0.859, 0.533-0.691, and 0.979-0.982, respectively. The food safety status (FSS) derived from the safety indicator values of each of the three stages is 0.700-0.810. In order to increase the level of food safety, it is necessary to pay attention to PMI and PPI management. In the future, continuously calculating the level of food safety, managing it like the level of psychological safety, and further expanding it to the level of food safety between countries will help establish policies to improve the level of food safety in Korea.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-62
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• 2021

The current research develops and tests the theory that beliefs in economic mobility are affected by social capital at the community level, especially for low-income individuals. Integrating concepts from social capital and perceived economic mobility (PEM), this research hypothesizes that members of disadvantaged groups (vs. members of advantaged groups) are more likely to adjust their PEM depending on the social capital at the community level. Using archival data, multilevel analysis is employed to examine whether individual- or community-level social capital increases PEM and the extent to which income moderates this relationship. Consistent with our hypotheses, social capital at the community level is significantly associated with PEM and this relationship is stronger for low-income (vs. high-income) earners. Study 1 shows that individuals in communities with high levels of social relations and participation are more likely to have higher PEM than those in communities with lower levels. Study 2 replicates this finding with a similar dependent variable: negative prospects. Further, the PEM-enhancing and negative prospects-decreasing effects of community-level social capital are consistently stronger for low-income (vs. high-income) earners. This study extends the investigation of PEM and social capital by suggesting social capital as a possible antecedent of PEM.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1980

The usefulness of single, random measurements of serum FSH and LH in the diagnosis of primary amenorrhea by radioimmunoassay was investigated. The 16 patients were divided into 3 groups by the level of serum FSH and LH. The first group with increased level of serum FSH and LH is five patients, all of these are related to the acquired or congenital abnormality of the ovary. Further studies indicated include buccal smear, chromosome analysis, gynecography and laparosocopy. The second group with normal serum FSH and LH is nine patients, four patients of these are related to the developmental anomaly of the Mullerian duct and five patients are undo etermined origin. Further studies indicated include laparoscopy and gynecography. The third group with decreased serum FSH and normal or decreased serum LH is two patients, one of these is related to the pituitary function, isolated FSH deficiency, the other is undetermined origin. Further studies indicated include the pituitary function test, LH-RH stimulation test, skull radiography. Determination of serum FSH and LH levels does not permit a specific etiologic diagnosis of primary amenorrhea. However the serum levels of FSH and LH can be used to differentiate the principal area of the investigation and can be of assistance in choosing more specific testing procedures.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2006

Objectives : We performed this study in order to investigate the effects of Sedang-hwan(世糖丸) on the diabetes mellitus. Methods : We injected a vein with 65mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ) on the rats. And then administered Sedang-hwan; 18.7mg/kg/day to sample groups and observed the weight and glucose level, insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, albumin, T-protein, BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) and creatinine in blood. Results : 1. The sample groups showed a high suppressive effect of weight loss(P=0.002). 2. The sample groups' glucose level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.001). 3. The sample groups showed a higher insulin level than control groups. 4. The sample groups showed a higher C-peptide level than control groups(P=0.001). 5. The sample groups' triglyceride level showed a effective in lowering level. 6. The sample groups showed a higher HDL-cholesterol level than control groups(P<0.001). 7. The sample groups showed a higher T-protein level than control groups(P=0.04). 8. The sample groups showed a higher albumin level than control groups(P<0.001). 9. The sample groups' creatinine level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.04). 10. The sample groups' BUN level showed a effective in lowering level(P=0.03). Conclusions : Conclusively, Sedang-hwan was recognized to have decrease effect of serum glucose, triglyceride, creatinine, BUN of the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. It was suggested that Sedang-hwan can be used for effective diabetes mellitus medical treatment. It is also required to study further about detailed principles of blood-sugar dropping effect by Sedang-hwan, and recovery by diabetes mellitus.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.71-97
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• 2004

This study conducted a comparative analysis of awareness level of review standards, continuing education, and awareness about the need for speciality and educational courses in order to improve quality of Korean health insurance review work and to present directions for policies of personnel development and continuing education to smoothly perform hospital's insurance claim work and Agency's review work. The analysis unit of the study is individuals, and survey was conducted among hospital's claim officers and Agency' review officers by distributing questionnaires. The major results of the study are as follows: First, it is found that hospital's claim officers and Agency's review officers have conflicting awareness about review standards; more Agency's review officers think that current review standards are universal and reasonable, while more hospital's claim officers believe that they need to be revised. Especially, hospital's claim officers replied that it is possible that review results can differ according to government's policies. Second, there is no significant difference between the two groups in the opinion that there are individual differences in awareness level of review standard. In particular, both groups share the opinion that review results can differ according to officer's interpretation of review standards. Third, Both review officer groups feel the need for further training and continuing education. Fourth, there is no difference between the two groups in the opinion that both groups members should be educated in review related educational institutions. However, while 81.5% of Agency's review officers the education should be offered at the Agency, only 45.2% of hospital's claim officers agreed to it. Fifth, both review personnel do not show any difference in awareness of needed experience to successfully perform review work; both groups replied that three to four years experience is necessary to smoothly perform claim work and review work. This study was tried in order to search for directions to improve Korean insurance review work in quality rather than to explore characteristics themselves of individual factors. In this sense, this study presupposed an intention that the educational subjects for further training and continuing education for the two groups should be the same in order to narrow the awareness gap between hospital's claim officers and Agency's review officers. Thus, this study suggests that it is desirable to offer beginner courses at junior colleges or in undergraduate courses and advanced courses in professional graduate school for six to twelve months. In that a comparison of awareness level of hospital's claim officers and Agency's review officers who are actually in practice should precede appropriate presentation of directions for the qualitative improvement of insurance review work in Korea, the significance of this study lies in comparatively analyzing the awareness level of hospital's claim officers and Agency's review officers and in presenting the establishment of future further training and continuing education.