• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.348-356
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• 2011

The effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Brassica juncea on the quality and palatability of low-salt gochujang were investigated in terms of the microbial characteristics, enzyme activities, pH, acidity, amino nitrogen and sensory evaluation during 40 days of fermentation. The proliferation of fungi in low-salt gochujang with added G. uralensis and B. juncea were inhibited, while the numbers of total viable bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were not affected. In terms of ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\beta}$-amylase activity, no significant difference was observed by the salt concentration or additives. However, lowering the salt concentration increased protease activity. The amount of amino-nitrogen in low-salt gochujang at 20 days was similar to that in the control gochujang at 40 days. In the sensory test, low-salt gochujang was preferred compared to control gochujang (8.5% salt). Particularly, the 4.3% salt gochujang with additives was the most preferred.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.311-319
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• 1999

Leaves of Aloe vera Linne and bloods of domestic animal were composted in a soild state fermentation reactor (SSFR) by using microbial additive including a bulking and moisture controlling agent. From solid-culture of microbial additive, 10 species of bacteria and 10 species of fungi were isolated and, their enzyme activities including amylase, carboxy methyl cellulase CMCase, lipase and protease were detected. Optimum fermentation conditions of Aloe leaves and domestic animal bloods in SSFR were obtained from the studies of response surface analysis employing microbial additive content, initial moisture content, and fermentation temperature as the independent variables. The optimum conditions for SSFR using Aloe leaves were obtained at 9.45$\pm$73%(w/w) of microbial additives, 62.73$\pm$4.54%(w/w) of initial moisture content and 55.32$\pm$3.14$^{\circ}C$ of fermentation temperature while those for SSFR using domestic animal bloods were obtained at 10.25$\pm$2.04%, 58.68$\pm$4.97% and 57.85$\pm$5.$65^{\circ}C$, respectively. Composting process in SSFR was initially proceeded through fermentation and solid materials were decomposed within 24 hours by maintaining higher moisture level, and maturing and drying steps are followed later. After the fermentation step, the concentrations of solid phase inorganic components were increased while that of organic components were decreased. Also, concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC), peptides, amino acids, polysaccharides, and low fatty acids in water extracts were increased. As fermentation in composting process depends on initial C/N ratios in water extracts of two samples were increased because of increased water-soluble TOC. From these results, it was revealed that solid state fermentation reactor using microbial additives can be used in composting process of organic wastes with broad C/N ratio.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2003

A total of 187 endophytic fungi were isolated from 11 plant species, which were collected from 11 locations in Korea. Their antifungal activities were screened in vivo by antifungal bioassays after they were cultured in potato dextrose broth and rice solid media. Antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi such as Magnaporthe grisea(rice blast), Corticium sasaki(rice sheath blight), Botrytis cinerea(tomato gray mold), Phytophthora infestans(tomato late blight), Puccinia recondita(wheat leaf rust), and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei(barley powdery mildew) was determined in vivo by observing the inhibition of plant disease development. Twenty(11.7%) endophytic fungi fermentation broths were able to control, by more than 90%, at least one of the six plant diseases tested. Among 187 liquid broths, the F0010 strain isolated from Abies holophylla had the most potent disease control activity; it showed control values of more than 90% against five plant diseases, except for tomato late blight. On the other hand, fourteen(7.5%) solid culture extracts exhibited potent disease control values of more than 90% against one of six plant diseases. The screening results of this study strongly suggested that metabolites of plant endophytic fungi could be good potential sources for screening programs of bioactive natural products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.820-824
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• 2004

The study was to see the effect of administration of ruminal fungi on feed intake, growth rate, rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion of calves (Tharparkar$\times$Holstein-Friesian, average age: 10 months, average body weight: 130 kg). The 6 calves in first group were fed a mixture consisted of 50% wheat straw and 50% concentrate (Maize 62%, Groundnut cake 35%, Mineral mix. 2% and Common salt 1%) along with 1 kg green oats $animal^{-1}$ $day^{-1}$ while second group calves were fed the above-mentioned diet in addition to a dose of 160 ml ($10^{6}$ CFU/ml) fungal culture $calf^{-1}$ $week^{-1}$. The average dry matter intake per day was slightly lowered in fungal fed calves yet feed conversion ratio was higher. The average daily weight gain was significantly higher (15.37%) in fungal administered group as compared to control. The nutrient digestibility was increased for crude fibre, NDF and ADF with fungal administration. Digestible energy value of straw-based diet in terms of percent TDN also increased. The pH and $NH_{3}$-N were lower whereas TVFA, total-N, TCA-N and number of zoospores were higher in rumen liquor in fungal administered group.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제24권4호통권79호
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• pp.329-336
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• 1996

From five years' previous work, the fungal isolates of Scopulariopsis were reported to be important flora at the late stage of meju fermentation. Mainly, the white or pale brown powders of spore mass of these fungi were observed on the surfaces of rectangular mejus, and to be an important sign for well-done Korean traditional home - made mejus. Out of the five isolates previously collected and stored, two kinds of Scopulariopsis isolates were identified as S. brevicauli and S. fusca. The microscopic differences between two were found to be branching patterns of annellophore and ornamentations of spore wall (warty and smooth). However, the intermediate form between two ornamentations of spore wall were also observed in our isolates. This observation was consistent with other result made from the protein electrophoresis. The isolates of Scopulariopsis were considered to be similar or superior to those of Aspergillus species, as compared with production of protease and amylase related enzymes. Thus, these isolates were speculated to be important fungi in Korean traditional home - made meju fermentation and also in production of protease and amylase.

• Mycobiology
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.132-141
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• 2022

Amylomyces rouxii is commonly found as amylolytic fungi in tapai fermentation. However, its diversity is rarely reported despite being often used for food production in Southeast Asia. This research aims to analyze the genetic diversity and the distribution pattern of A. rouxii from Ragi tapai in Java Island, Indonesia. We isolated the fungus from samples obtained from Ragi tapai producing centers in Bandung, Sumedang, Muntilan, Blora, Yogyakarta, and Bondowoso. The obtained isolates were molecularly identified based on the ribosomal regions ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2, then analyzed for phylogenetic tree reconstruction, genetic distance, genetic variation, and haplotype networking. Six isolates showed specific morphological traits of A. rouxii. However, phylogenetic tree reconstruction on the ribosomal genes showed that the isolates were grouped into two different clades related to two species. Clade A included BDG, SMD, and MTL isolates related to A. rouxii, whereas clade B included YOG, BLR, and BDS isolates related to Mucor indicus. The genetic distances between clades for ITS1/ITS2 and D1/D2 were 0.6145 and 0.1556, respectively. In conclusion, we confirmed the genetic diversity of molds from Ragi tapai in Java Island and showed that the isolates are not only related to A. rouxii as reported before.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2000

느타리버섯의 균사 생장을 촉진시키고 병원성 균류의 생장을 억제하므로 느타리버섯의 생산을 증가시키는 고온성 미생물을 분리하고 그 원인을 생화학적으로 조사하였다. 느타리버섯 배지로부터 분리한 7종의 고온성 곰팡이에서 모두 lignin 분해 활성 능은 확인되지 않았고, xylanase 분해능은 모든 분리 균에서 확인되었으며, 특히 H. grisea var. thermoidea와 Sepedonium sp. S-2 분리균류에서 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Cellulose 배지에서 균사 생장은 나타났으나 그 분해는 확인 할 수 없는 반면 MUF-test로 확인한 세포외 분비 cellulase의 활성도는 Sepedunium sp. S-2와 S-5에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이들 두 균류는 느타리버섯 생장을 50%증가시켰으며, 푸른곰팡이병 원인균인 Trichoderma sp. SJG-51에 대한 생장억제효과도 나타내었다 이상의 결과로 보아 고온성 곰팡이 Sepedonium sp. 일부는 느타리버섯 재배 시 배지의 물성변화를 일으키는 효소를 분비하여 버섯 생장률 증가 및 유해균류의 생장을 억제하였다 따라서 느타리버섯 배지 제조에 있어 이들 고온성 곰팡이들이 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

Benzoic acid is widely used in the food industry as a preservative in acidic foods, owing to its antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in different foods such as fruits, vegetables, spices, and nuts as well as in milk and dairy products. Lactic acid bacteria convert hippuric acid, which is naturally present in milk, to benzoic acid; therefore, the latter could also be considered as a natural component of milk and milk products. Benzoic acid is also produced during the ripening of cheese by the propionic acid fermentation process that follows lactic acid fermentation. This paper, we provide basic information regarding the systematic control of natural benzoic acid levels in raw materials, processing intermediates, and final products of animal origin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.104-115
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• 2003

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the possibility for the non-ionic surfactant (NIS) as a feed additive for ruminant animals. The effect of the NIS on (1) the enzyme distribution in the rumen fluids of Hereford bulls, (2) the growth of pure culture of rumen bacteria and (3) rumen anaerobic fungi, (4) the ruminal fermentation characteristics of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo), and (5) the performances of Holstein dairy cows were investigated. When NIS was added to rumen fluid at the level of 0.05 and 0.1% (v/v), the total and specific activities of cell-free enzymes were significantly (p<0.01) increased, but those of cell-bound enzymes were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. The growth rates of ruminal noncellulolytic species (Ruminobacter amylophilus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola and Selenomonas ruminantium) were significantly (p<0.01) increased by the addition of NIS at both concentrations tested. However, the growth rate of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) were slightly increased or not affected by the NIS. In general, NIS appears to effect Gram-negative bacteria more than Gram-positive bacteria; and non-cellulolytic bacteria more than cellulolytic bacteria. The growth rates of ruminal monocentric fungi (Neocallimastix patriciarum and Piromyces communis) and polycentric fungi (Orpinomyces joyonii and Anaeromyces mucronatus) were also significantly (p<0.01) increased by the addition of NIS at all concentrations tested. When NIS was administrated to the rumen of Hanwoo, Total VFA and ammonia-N concentrations, the microbial cell growth rate, CMCase and xylanase activities in the rumen increased with statistical difference (p<0.01), but NIS administration did not affect at the time of 0 and 9 h post-feeding. Addition of NIS to TMR resulted in increased TMR intake and increased milk production by Holstein cows and decreased body condition scores. The NEFA and corticoid concentrations in the blood were lowered by the addition of NIS. These results indicated that the addition of NIS may greatly stimulate the release of some kinds of enzymes from microbial cells, and stimulate the growth rates of a range of anaerobic ruminal microorganisms, and also stimulate the rumen fermentation characteristics and animal performances. Our data indicates potential uses of the NIS as a feed additive for ruminant animals.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

버섯을 재배하는데 있어 버섯 균사의 성장은 고온성 곰팡이의 성장과 밀접한 연관이 있다. 느타리버섯 재배용 배지의 후발효 과정에서 느타리균사에 대하여 성장촉진 효과를 나타내는 7종의 thermophilic fungi를 순수분리 하였다. 각 7종의 thermophilic fungi모두 PDA(potato dextrose agar) 배지, $50^{\circ}C$에서 균사의 최적성장을 나타내었으며, 그 중 S-1, S-2 균주가 균사성장률이 가장 높았다. 또한 느타리버섯 폐면 배지에서도 좋은 성장을 나타내 우수한 고온성 후발효 균주로의 사용 가능성이 기대되었다. 액체배양 시 배지의 최초 pH는 pH 7.0- pH 10.0까지 다양한 구간에서 최적상태를 나타내었으나, pH 8.0또는 pH 9.0의 약알칼리 환경에서 잘 자랐으며, 배양 후 배지의 pH는 pH 5.5-6.0의 약산성을 띄었다. 이러한 최적환경에서 성장률을 측정한 결과 S-2 균주가 높은 성장률(0.47-0.50g/10 days)을 나타내었다. 형태적인 분류법에 따라 분류한 결과 S-1 균류는 Trichophyton sp.으로 동정되었으며, 이 외의 6 균주는 Sepedonium sp으로 분류되었다. 느타리버섯 후발효 과정에서 나타난 고온성 곰팡이들의 분포는 양송이 배지 숙성과정에 나타나는 고온성 곰팡이들의 분포와는 매우 달랐다. 이는 배지 성분 차이에 따른 생태적 차이로 판단되었다.