• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2012

In this study, multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) was installed to enumerate the diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 and Escherichia coli K12 (IFO 3301). The nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) were double stained by a LIVE/DEAD bacLight viability kit, involving green SYTO 9 and red propidium iodide (PI), based on the permeability of two chemicals according to the integrity of plasma membrane. As the results showed, the gate for dead bacteria was defined as the range of $0.2{\times}10^0$ to $6.0{\times}10^1$ photo multiplier tube (PMT) 2 fluorescence (X-axis) and $2.0{\times}10^0$ to $2.0{\times}10^2$ PMT 4 fluorescence (Y-axis), and the gate for live bacteria was defined as the range of $6.0{\times}10^0$ to $6.0{\times}10^2$ PMT 2 fluorescence (X-axis) and $2.0{\times}10^0$ to $4.0{\times}10^2$ PMT 4 fluorescence (Y-axis). In the comparison of the number of the tested bacteria detected by FCM (viability assessment) and plate culture (cultivability assessment), the number of bacteria detected by FCM well represented the number of bacteria that was detected by the colony forming unit (CFU) counting method when bacteria were exposed to isopropyl alcohol and silver/copper cations. Consequently, it is concluded that the application of FCM to monitor the functional effect of disinfectants on the physiological status of target bacteria can offer more rapid and reliable data than the plate culture colony counting method.

• Clean Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 2009

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been studied on the reuse of glass bottles. The system boundary in this study encompassed from gate to gate such as production and transportation. A 360 mL volume of a glass bottle was selected as the functional unit. The environmental impact assessments was studied on 6 categories including abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone depletion, and photochemical oxidant creation. The results showed that the most significant impact categories were abiotic resource depletion (48.63%) and global warming (46.27%), and the rest categories revealed insignificant impacts. In the whole system, the chemicals used for the new bottle production revealed the major contribution to the environmental impacts (71.24%), followed by the use of electricity (16.74%) and transportation (11.8%). In addition, the environmental impact of sodium silicate to be put into the stage of the new bottle production was found to be 45.68%, causing severe influence on abiotic resource depletion and global warming.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-210
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• 1998

The main purpose of this work is the study on the etiology and pathology of the anorexia in oriental and western medicine. An appetite is stimulated by the need of supply of nutrition for life and the physical desire of hunger which appeared as the alternative of taste. In this paper, I investigated the anatomical and the physiological function system, the Piwei functional system and meridian distribution, and the differentiation of the disease according to the Zangfu(internal organs) in association with the anorexia. And conclusion could be summarized as follows : 1. The tongue, one of the Piwei functional system(脾胃機能系), is connected with Pi(脾), Xin(心), Gan(肝) and Shen(腎) meridian. Especially Pi and Xin meridian have the close relations with taste. 2. The appetite has the close relations with Piwei. The appetite and digestion is influenced by the function of smoothing and regulating and bloodflow of Ki(肝主疏泄), warming the Shen to activate the function of Pi(腎主溫養), cleansing the inspired air and keeping the Ki flowing downward(肺主肅降). 3. The cause of anorexia is the insufficiency of Ki of Piwei(脾胃氣虛), the attack of Wei by hyperactive Gan Ki(脾氣犯胃), the insufficiency of Wei Yin(胃陰不足), the declination of the fire from the vital gate(命門火衰) and the retention or stagnancy of undigested food (飮食停滯). Especially, the main cause of anorexia is the insufficiency of Ki of the Piwei(脾胃氣虛). 4. Recently the attack of Wei by hyperactive Gan Ki(脾氣犯胃) is raised by the main cause of anorexia. 5. The mental function of anorexia, which is induced by the unbalance of Pi, is directly associated with Xin(心) and Xin meridia(心經). 6. The goal of the treatment of the anorexia is dependent on the recovery of the weakness of the Pi. And for this goal, the disorders of the other organs is also treated. 7. In the point of the anatomy and physiology, the main cause of anorexia is the loss of function of the autonomic nerve system and the vagus nerve.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2015

Recently the dairy cow industry have faced environmental issues such as eutrophication, global warming, etc. An LCA was used to quantify the environmental impact of a dairy cow system and to identify key issues contributing to the impact. The system boundary crop cultivation for feeding dairy cow, feed production, rearing and manure management (cradle-to-gate). The functional unit was 1 kg of milk (fat protein corrected milk, FPCM) produced. Rearing and cultivation of feed crops stages in system boundary to the environmental impact of the domestic dairy cow system were dominant issues. Techniques such as suppression of enteric fermentation, improvement of the energy efficiency of farm equipment and apparatuses, management of leachate generated during the crop cultivation, and development of controling the loss of fertilizer during crop production would be necessary for the improvement of the environmental key issues of the dairy cow system.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.154-161
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• 2006

This paper describes the new types of ngative differential resistance (NDR) IC applications which use a monolithic quantum-effect device technology based on the RTD/HBT heterostructure design. As a digital IC, a low-power/high-speed MOBILE (MOnostable-BIstable transition Logic Element)-based D-flip flop IC operating in a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) mode is proposed and developed. The fabricated NRZ MOBILE D-flip flop shows high speed operation up to 34 Gb/s which is the highest speed to our knowledge as a MOBILE NRZ D-flip flop, implemented by the RTD/HBT technology. As an analog IC, a 14.75 GHz RTD/HBT differential-mode voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with extremely low power consumption and good phase noise characteristics is designed and fabricated. The VCO shows the low dc power consumption of 0.62 mW and good F.O.M of -185 dBc/Hz. Moreover, a high-speed CML-type multi-functional logic, which operates different logic function such as inverter, NAND, NOR, AND and OR in a circuit, is proposed and designed. The operation of the proposed CML-type multi-functional logic gate is simulated up to 30 Gb/s. These results indicate the potential of the RTD based ICs for high speed digital/analog applications.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.60-67
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• 2020

This study evaluated the Skin Whitening effects of 'fermented-C.' for Atrium cosmetics using a single-arm clinical trial. Twenty female adults (mean age 42.1 ± 6.6 year) were enrolled, all participants used this cosmetic product on their face for 4 weeks. The change of brightness (L-value) was measured by spectrophotometer while subjective assessments were also obtained to find the participants opinions on whitening and their general satisfaction measured by a 5-point scale (5 for very satisfactory, 5 for satisfactory, 3 for moderate, 2 for unsatisfactory, 1 for very unsatisfactory). The participants were also questioned about any adverse effects by filling out a self-monitoring report. The average L-value increased from 62.55 ± 2.14 on day 0 to 63.22 ± 1.96 after 4 weeks corresponding to a 1.1% brightness improvement (p < 0.01). The average scores for subjective whitening and general satisfaction were better than moderate with scores of 3.6 ± 0.5 and 3.7 ± 0.7, respectively. No notable complaints were reported regarding any kind of adverse effects such as erythema, itching or burning. The clinical data collected in this study supports that fermented-C. from Atrium cosmetics has whitening potential in a safe Functional Cosmetics package.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.564-568
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• 2006

Using the cross-gain modulation (XGM) characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), multi-functional all-optical logic gates, including XOR, AND, and OR gates are successfully simulated and demonstrated at 10Gbit/s. A VPI component maker^TM simulation tool is used for the simulation of multi-functional all-optical logic gates and the10 Cbit/s input signal is made by a mode-locked fiber ring laser. A multi-quantum well (MQW) SOA is used for the simulation and demonstration of the all-optical logic system. Our suggested system is composed of three MQW SOAs, SOA-1 and SOA-2 for XOR logic operation and SOA-2 and SOA-3 for AND logic operation. By the addition of two output signals XOR and AND, all-optical OR logic can be obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

In this work, a hardware based cryptographic module for the cyber security of nuclear power plant is developed using a system engineering approach. Nuclear power plants are isolated from the Internet, but as shown in the case of Iran, Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) could be a threat to the safety of the nuclear facilities. This FPGA-based module does not have an operating system and it provides protection as a firewall and mitigates the cyber threats. The encryption equipment consists of an encryption module, a decryption module, and interfaces for communication between modules and systems. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-128, which is formally approved as top level by U.S. National Security Agency for cryptographic algorithms, is adopted. The development of the cyber security module is implemented in two main phases: reverse engineering and re-engineering. In the reverse engineering phase, the cyber security plan and system requirements are analyzed, and the AES algorithm is decomposed into functional units. In the re-engineering phase, we model the logical architecture using Vitech CORE9 software and simulate it with the Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD), which confirms the performance improvements of the hardware-based cryptographic module as compared to software based cryptography. Following this, the Hardware description language (HDL) code is developed and tested to verify the integrity of the code. Then, the developed code is implemented on the FPGA and connected to the personal computer through Recommended Standard (RS)-232 communication to perform validation of the developed component. For the future work, the developed FPGA based encryption equipment will be verified and validated in its expected operating environment by connecting it to the Advanced power reactor (APR)-1400 simulator.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.1195-1201
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• 2011

Since the release of safety standard IEC 61508 which defines functional safety of electronic safety-related systems, SIL(Safety Integrity Level) certification for railway systems has gained lots of attention lately. In this paper, we propose a new design technique of the computer board for train control systems with high reliability and safety. The board is designed with TMR(Triple Modular Redundancy) using a certified SIL3 Texas Instrument(TI)'s TMS570 MCU(Micro-Controller Unit) to guarantee safety and reliability. TMR for the control device is implemented on FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) which integrates a comparator, a CAN(Controller Area Network) communication module, built-in self-error checking, error discriminant function to improve the reliability of the board. Even if a malfunction of a processing module occurs, the safety control function based on the proposed technique lets the system operate properly by detecting and masking the malfunction. An RTOS (Real Time Operation System) called FreeRTOS is ported on the board so that reliable and stable operation and convenient software development can be provided.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2009

In this paper, to implement PCS (Physical Coding Sublayer) of 10GBASE-R type, we present 2 stage pipeline 64b/66b Encoder/Decoder which operates at 156.25MHz standard specification and designed to minimize clock latency as possible as we can. The proposed circuit was designed based on Verilog hardware description language and measured for functional verification on VertexII-1000fg456 chip of Xilinx Inc.. Total equivalent gate count is 47,303 and estimated power consumption is 351mW at Vcc 3.3V.