• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.73-85
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• 2010

The purpose of this qualitative research is to explore the intergenerational ambivalence of mothers with preschoolers. Twenty full-time mothers and 19 working mothers were interviewed in depth. Most of the participants who received instrumental support from their mothers showed ambivalence, and especially the working mothers were more likely to feel ambivalence than the full-time mothers. However, participants who received little or no support from their mothers did not report any ambivalent feelings. Their ambivalent feelings came from both their social structure and intrapersonal contradictions. In order to avoid ambivalent feelings, some participants redefined receiving support from their mothers as a positive thing. Meanwhile, the participants who received active support tried to divert their ambivalence by providing child care support for their children, and they showed a 'repayment provision' tendency. Some working mothers and most of the full-time mothers said they would allot 'limited provision' by excluding child care support for their children. Those who were aware of this ambivalence issue sought 'reasonable provision' for their children. Depending on these results, several suggestions are presented to solve the ambivalence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.97-108
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• 1999

The purpose of this atudy was to identify the influence of demographic characteristics of full-time working mother's family on maternal parenting efficacy as well as child-rearing practices and to examime the relationship between mothers with perceived parenting efficacy and child-rearing practices. The subjects for this study were 100 working mothers of two to six year old children attending employer sponsored child care centers. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlation analysis, and step-wise regression were used for data analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) Full-time working mothers' child-rearing practices were influenced by the ages of mothers and fathers, parental education level and occupation, family income, age of the child, and number of children in the family. 2) The more working mothers perceived parenting efficacy, the more mothers utilized effective child-rearing practices. 3) Age of the child, maternal education level, mothers with levels of perceived parenting efficacy were significant predictors for full-time working mothers' child-rearing practices.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to discover about the parenting anxiety of working mother and full-time mother with elementary school children, and to find ways to support them. All the study participants were 20 mothers with elementary school children. Data was collected from June 23, 2017 to July 8, 2017. Data was collected using in-depth group interviews. Parenting anxiety felt by working mothers is 'sorry about the child', 'burden on the role of parents', and 'difficulty in caring', 'Reemployment and career disconnection'. The conclusion is as follows. First, it is necessary to reduce the burden of raising children on elementary school children of both working and full-time mothers. Second, practical support plans are needed for working mothers and full-time mothers of elementary school children. Third, practical support plans are needed for working mothers and full-time mothers with elementary school children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.125-140
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to inverstigate the need of child care services and child care programs for the working class mothers. We surveyed four Industrial complex (in Seoul, Incheon, Pusan, Ulsan) to collect data. The samples were 282 mothers (Seoul: 95, Incheon: 54, Ulsan: 62, Pusan: 71). The mothers had children under six years of age and they worked at factory for 11 hours. They (65%) rented houses with 1-2 rooms. Their income was not enought to support their family. They were never supported by social network, so they had to work at factory and they need child care services. The mothers had many difficulties of child rearing and early childhood education. They wanted perfect day care programs. They expected it as followings: (1) Day care center placed at factory or near home. (2) The administrater is goverment or employer. (3) It is managed a full time system. (4) It is center-based day care or industrical day care. (5) They share day care expense with employer or goverment. (6) Day care expenses is 35,000 won in case of full time system, 25,000 won in case of half-time system. They desited highly qualifed day care programs, but they would not expense highly cost. So we suggest that goverment and factory employers support the working mothers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.331-342
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examines the intake of food and nutrients of children according to the employment and working hours of their mothers. Methods: The married women in the source data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey were classified into full-time working mothers, part-time working mothers and housewives according to the working type and the data on their children from 3 to 18 years old were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results: The group from 3 to 5 years old was the smallest group with 682 children (20.2%), followed by the group from 6 to 11 years with 1,345 children (39.8%) and the group from 12 to 18 years old with 1,355 children (40.1%). The lowest rates for having no breakfast and dinner were observed in the group with housewives (p<0.05). The calcium and phosphorous intakes were the highest in the group with housewives at 61.9% and 126.8%, respectively, and the lowest in the group with full-time working mothers at 54.7% and 115.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The group with full-time working mothers had the highest rate in the calcium and iron intake less than the dietary reference intake at 74.9% and 30.0%, respectively. It indicated that the group with full-time working mothers did not have sufficient nutrients as compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the group with the part-time working mothers showed the high vitamin A intake ratio of 41.4% (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study found evidence of a negative association between mother's employment status and children's diet quality. The employment and economic activity of married women will continuously increase in the future. Therefore, a national nutrition policy is required to provide quality nutrition care for children in the households.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

This paper examines the effects of a universal childcare subsidy on childcare decisions and mothers' employment by using Korea's policy reform of 2012, which provided a full childcare subsidy to all children aged 0 to 2. I find that the introduction of a universal childcare subsidy increased the use of childcare centers by children aged 0-2, which led to less maternal care compared to that provided to children aged 3-4. However, the expanded subsidy had little effect on mothers' labor supply. Moreover, the policy effects vary by individual and household characteristics. The effects of the expanded subsidy are mainly found in low-income households and less educated mothers. Highly educated mothers and high-income households are likely to focus more on the quality of childcare service. These results imply that a simple reduction in childcare costs would bring only limited effects on mothers' time allocation behavior; thus, more attention should be paid to improving the quality of childcare services.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of early full-time nonparental care during infancy/toddlerhood on children's socioemotional behaviors during the preschool period. Subjects for this study were 105 three- to five-year-olds from middle-class families in the U. S. A. Children were assigned to one of three groups according to their early care history. Children's social interactions with peers and caregivers during indoor free-play sessions in day care centers were observed for 20 minutes. The head teachers rated the children's social and emotional behaviors on two questionnaires. Mothers completed the Attachment Q-sort for attachment assessment for the preschoolers. In addition, mothers were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their parenting practices. Children who had received full-time nonparental care during infancy and/or toddlerhood were rated by their teachers as being more intellectually competent than children who did not receive full-time nonparental care during first three years of life. They were, however, rated by teachers and were observed by the researcher as being more aggressive than children with no full-time nonparental care. These children were observed to engage in less wandering/onlooking behaviors than children who had not had any full-time nonparental care. Children's attachment security scores and dependency scores did not differ as a function of early nonparental care histories. When the effects of early care patterns, sex of child, and current attachment security to mothers on aggressive behaviors of the preschoolers were examined by a hierarchical regression model, then any "pure" effects of nonparental care and of attachment security on child aggression were minimal after controlling for family background, child care center quality, and maternal childrearing practices. Strong buffering factors for the preschool children (family characteristics, parenting styles, and high quality nonparental care) mediated a possible risk factor of early nonparental care and promoted optimal outcomes for the children.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

The relations of mothers' attitudes regarding maternal employment to mothers' psychological well-being, mothers' parenting sensitivity and children's social competence were examined for mothers who worked full-time (extensively) from age 6 months of their children on, mothers who were not employed, and mothers who worked part-time or inconsistently during their children's early years. Longitudinal observations of 1,034 mothers and children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care from age one month to first grade were analyzed using structural equation models. As predicted, mothers and children benefited when maternal attitudes were consistent with mother's actual employment status. Among extensively employed mothers, those with positive attitudes about employment had better psychological well-being; among mothers who were not employed, those who believed that maternal employment would have negative consequences for children's development reported better psychological well-being. The findings suggested that whether the mother's status of employment is congruent with their beliefs, not whether the mother is working or not, predicted the mother's well-being and their child's social development.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.445-455
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify the relevance between postpartum women'sfatigue and breast-feeding rate in accordance with the types of rooming-in care at one hospital in Seoul. The data were collected by using a self-report questionnaire between June and July of 2014. All subjects were full-time rooming-in group, with 64 mothers and part time rooming-in group, 43 mothers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 windows program. The result supported Hypothesis 1, in which the number of full-time rooming-in group's daily breast-feeding would out number that of part time rooming-in group. Hypothesis 2, on the other hand, which was that the breast-feeding rate would differ between the full-time rooming-in and the part-time rooming-in groups was overruled. Hypothesis 3, in which the fatigue of the full-time rooming-in group would be higher than the part-time rooming-in group was supported. Hypothesis 4, in which postpartum women'sfatigue would relate to breast-feeding rate during hospitalization period was overruled. Thus, based on this research, it is suggested that rather than collectively running the full-time rooming-in care, part-time rooming-in care that is individualized with considerations to the conditions of the mothers and new-born should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.682-692
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of children's breakfast skipping and their mothers' needs for breakfast service at child care centers. A survey was conducted with mothers of children aged 3 to 5 years and attending child care centers in Gwanak-gu, Seoul. Out of 960 questionnaires distributed to the caregivers at 32 child care centers, 633 were returned (66% response rate), and 449 were analyzed (47% analysis rate) after excluding data from the respondents not meeting the selection criteria for this study: mothers of children aged 3 to 5 years. Over 2/3 (69%) of children ate breakfast every weekday (Breakfast Eaters) and almost 1/3 (31%) of children skipped breakfast one time or more often on weekdays (Breakfast Skippers). The collected data were compared between Breakfast Eaters and Breakfast Skippers. The average Good Dietary Practice Score of Breakfast Skippers was significantly lower than that of Breakfast Eaters, implying poorer dietary habits. A higher percentage of mothers of Breakfast Skippers (62%) responded that breakfast service was 'necessary' or 'very necessary' at child care centers than those of Breakfast Eaters (27%). A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors affecting mothers' needs for breakfast service at child care centers. The result showed that the children's ages, mothers' occupational status, household monthly income, frequencies of eating breakfast on weekdays and satisfaction level with morning snack provided at child care centers affected mothers' needs for breakfast service at child care centers. In particular, mothers who had a full-time job (OR = 2.06) than housewives, mothers whose children did not eat breakfast at al (OR = 3.54), ate $1{\sim}2$ times (OR = 5.50) or ate $3{\sim}4$ times (OR = 3.80) on weekdays than those whose children ate breakfast every weekday were more likely to have needs for breakfast service at child care centers than housewives. In conclusion, Breakfast Skippers tended to have poorer dietary habits than Breakfast Eaters and Full-time working mothers had higher needs for breakfast service at child care centers. This study results suggest that child care centers consider serving breakfast to children as the number of working mothers increases.