• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1999

This study was conducted among the university students to investigate the effects of working in an daytime and studying in an evening class on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes. A 24-hour recall method was used along with food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were composed of three groups : 172 were in the daytime calss regular student group(RS), 178 were evening class students without a job(ESWOJ), and 140 were evening class students with a job(ESWJ). An average age of the ESWJ was 31 years old, which was 9 years older than the RS and 7 years older than the ESWOJ. The types of the residence were significantly different among the groups ; were seif-boarding 74% of the ESWJ stayed at home while 47% of the RS were self-boarding and 61% of the ESWOJ. The survey shows that while a great majority of the RS and ESWOJ has breakfast and supper at home, about 10% and 17% of the ESWJ ate breakfast and supper, respectively, at the cafeteria in their work place. The most frequently skipped meal was the breakfast in all groups. Approximately 9% of the ESWJ tended to skip the breakfast, while 27% of the RS and 33% of the ESWOJ did. It turns out that the mose common reason why ESWJ skipped meals was due to a lack of time. About 71% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ spent less than 10 minutes at meal time, showing a hurried eating habit. The results show that the ESWJ tended to eat a variety of food s and eat less instant foods, but drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. The results also show that in all groups, the intakes of energy, Ca, and vitamin A were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA). In addition to these nutrients, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin were also lower than the RDA in all make students, and Fe was lower than the RDA in all female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA : 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA ; 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. The intakes of Ca, Fe, and niacin in the ESWJ were significantly greater than those in the RS and ESWOJ groups, and the vitamin C intake in the ESWJ was greater than that in the ESWOJ(p<0.01). In conclusion, university students in all three groups have a serious imbalance in the nutrient intakes, and the evening class students with a daytime job have unhealthy dietary behaviors in the light of high frequency of eating out and heavy coffee drinking, a rushed eating pattern, and therefore showing a strong need of proper nutritional education for them.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to compare the dietary life of single- and non single-person households in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A nationally representative sample of 20,421 19-64-year-olds who had 24-hour recall data was taken from the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Single- and non single-persons were compared for nutrient intake, dietary behaviors, food consumption patterns, nutrition education and confirm nutrition label. Results: The dietary intakes of dietary fiber and iron were lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. The lower the level of education and income, the lower the nutrient intake of single-person households. In the case of those aged 19 to 29, the breakfast skipping rate was higher in single-person households than in non single-person households. The higher the education level, the higher the breakfast skipping rate and the eating out frequency in the single-person households. In the food intake survey, the frequency of healthy food intake in single-person households was much lower than that of non single-person households. The confirmation rate of nutrition labeling was lower in single-person households than in non single-person households. Conclusions: This study shows that single-person households have poorer health-nutritional behaviors than multi-person households. Therefore, a nutrition education program based on the data of this study needs to be developed for health promotion of single-person households.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.183-196
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• 2019

Objectives: College is an important time for students to establish their identity as an independent subjects and develop a foundation to maintain a healthy adulthood. However, after female students become college students, their eating habits are likely to become more irregular and they may experience various health problems because of excessive weight control. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the dietary behaviors and blood clinical indices of female college students by residence types. Methods: A total of 374 subjects were classified as home group, self-boarding group or boarding group according to residence type. Dietary habits, frequency of food intake, and eating attitudes were examined through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were analyzed. Results: The meal most frequently skipped by female college students was breakfast, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was significantly lower in the home group than other groups. Most college students recognized that their eating habits had worsened since becoming college students, with the self-boarding group in particular feeling that their eating habits changed negatively. The consumption frequencies of protein foods, fruits, dairy products, seaweed, and fatty meats were significantly lower in the self-boarding group than other groups. The home group ate food cut into smaller pieces, while the self-boarding group tried new and rich foods. Residence types did not affect blood clinical indices. Conclusions: The self-boarding group had inadequate dietary habits compared to the home group. Although residence type did not affect the blood clinical indices, the students still had poor dietary habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is needed to improve the nutritional status of college students, especially those that self-board.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.659-665
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of salt preference on dietary habits and the body composition of university students. The subjects were divided into two groups: 85 students who dislike salt (salt-dislike (SD) group) and 104 students who like salt (salt-like (SL) group). We found that the SL group showed a higher preference for sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter flavors compared to the SD group. There was no significant difference in the frequency of eating breakfast according to the salt taste preference. The meal speed of the SL group was significantly higher than the SD group (p<0.01) and the body mass index of the SL group ($22.59kg/m^2$) was higher than SD group ($21.04kg/m^2$). The fat mass of the SL group (15.30 kg) was higher than the SD group (12.80 kg) (p<0.01). Salt preference and snack intake frequency had a significant and positive correlation with fat mass. The frequency of eating breakfast, and meal speed also showed a significant and positive correlation with subcutaneous fat. In conclusion, the SL group eats relatively more, speedily and frequently intakes snacks and carbonated drinks, likely resulting in higher body and subcutaneous fat. These results suggest salt preference is related to food choice, influences unreasonable eating habits, and possibly changes body composition. Taste preferences should therefore be considered for dietary consulting and nutritional education.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.156-170
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between how often Korean adolescents watch Mukbang and Cookbang videos and their dietary habits. Methods: Data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 was analyzed for this study. The study included 51,850 middle and high school students and assessed various aspects, including demographics, frequency of watching Mukbang and Cookbang videos per week, dietary habits, health behaviors, and mental health factors. Results: Nearly a third (29.3%) of Korean adolescents watched Mukbang and Cookbang videos one to four times a week, while 13.5% watched them more than five times weekly. Females, those with lower academic achievement, and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were significantly more likely to be frequent viewers (P < 0.001). Increased viewing frequency was associated with poorer dietary habits. Adolescents who watched more frequently were less likely to eat breakfast and consume fruits and milk, while their consumption of fast food, high-caffeine drinks, sugary drinks, and late-night snacks increased (P < 0.001). Higher viewing frequency correlated with increased feelings of stress, depression, and loneliness (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed these associations. More frequent viewers were significantly less likely to eat breakfast (odds ratio (OR), 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-0.68), and more likely to consume fast food (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.69-2.02), high-caffeine drinks (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30-1.56), sugary drinks (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.41-1.67), and late-night snacks (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.25-1.51). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that frequent exposure to Mukbang and Cookbang content is linked to unhealthy dietary habits in adolescents. Educational programs may be necessary to mitigate the potential for these videos to negatively influence dietary choices.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2015

본 연구는 서울시 25개 자치구 중 2013년 아침밥 클럽으로 선정된 10개교 고등학교에 재학 중인 학생을 대상으로 2013년 아침밥 클럽 사업의 효과를 평가하였다. 사전조사와 사후조사 모두 응답한 식생활 및 학교생활 조사 대상자는 315명, 24시간 회상법에 응답한 대상자는 64명, 비만도 조사에 참여한 대상자는 124명으로 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 아침밥 클럽 프로그램의 중재 후 아침식사 섭취 빈도가 증가하였으며 중재 후 38.3%, 35.7%, 17.1%의 대상자에서 각각 아침식사, 과일류, 우유류의 섭취가 주당 5회 이상으로 증가했다. 1일 식사기록법을 통해 학생들의 식품 및 영양소 섭취실태의 중재 전후 차이를 비교한 결과 아침밥 클럽 중재 이전보다 아침밥 클럽 중재 이후 곡류, 버섯류, 과일류 섭취량이 유의하게 증가했으며 난류, 유지류 섭취량이 유의하게 감소했다. 영양소는 에너지, 식물성 단백질, 탄수화물, 식이섬유, 식물성 철, 칼륨, 아연, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_6$, 나이아신, 비타민 C 섭취량은 증가했으며 콜레스테롤 섭취량은 감소하였다. 학교생활에 대한 조사에서는 '하루의 생활을 더 편하고 즐겁게 시작하는 편이다', '하루의 생활을 건강하게 시작하는 편이다' 문항 점수가 유의하게 증가했다. 아침밥 클럽은 청소년에게 필요한 아침식사를 제공해줘서 식습관과 식이섭취 상태를 개선할 뿐만이 아니라 학교생활에서도 개선을 보여 아침밥 이상의 효과를 가져온다는 측면에서 효과적인 프로그램이라고 할 수 있으며 향후 지속적인 프로그램이 서울시에 확산된다면 청소년기의 영양 상태와 학교생활 전반적인 상태에 개선을 가져올 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.467-481
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics, intake of energy, and nutrients by household income levels of Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Methods: Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) were used for the study. A total of 1,839 (966 boys, 873 girls) subjects were included, and they were divided into four income groups according to their household income level. We examined general characteristics (gender, region of residence, skipping or not-skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner, frequency of eating-out), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), the quantitative intake of energy and nutrients using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), and the qualitative intake evaluated by the nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) of the four groups. Results: There were significant differences by income group within the region of residence and the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The low-income group had a higher rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. According to the income group, there was a difference in the height of boys, and there was no difference in the weight and obesity of boys and girls. In the biochemical characteristics, only the hematocrit of girls showed differences by income group. The quantitative intake of energy and nutrients compared with KDRI differed by income group. There were differences in energy, carbohydrates, proteins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and phosphorus levels in boys and protein, vitamin A, niacin, and sodium levels in girls. The qualitative intake of energy and nutrients examined using NAR and MAR also differed according to the income group. The NAR showed differences in calcium in boys and vitamin C and calcium in girls. The MAR revealed differences in both boys and girls by income group. Conclusions: Among adolescents in the low-income group, the rate of skipping meals was high, and the quantitative and qualitative intake of energy and some nutrients was low. It is suggested that the nutritional intake can be improved by lowering the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner. We suggest that even just providing breakfast in schools can be considered highly effective in improving the rate of avoidance of skipping meals and improving nutrient intake. Also, we suggest that it is necessary to improve the food environment, food availability, and food accessibility through national and social support for low-household income adolescents.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.702-710
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of eating habits and health-related lifestyle on blood pressure, $\gamma$-Glutamic acid Peptide Transferase ($\gamma$-GPT), glucose and HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C). All subjects (261 male, 252 female) were from the Iksan area of Korea, and were at least 50 years of age. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HDL-C for all the subjects was 131.3 mmHg, 78.5 mmHg, and 43.1 mg/dl, respectively. The HDL-C of the $50{\sim}64$ year-old group was higher than that of the over-75-year-old group. The "regular breakfast" group evidenced a lower SBP, $\gamma$-GPT, and higher HDL-C than the "seldom breakfast" group (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.01). SBP in the "snacking everyday" group was higher than that of the "seldom snacking" group (p<0.001). As for the frequency of using alcohol, SBP and $\gamma$-GPT for the group using alcohol everyday were higher than those of the non-drinking group (p<0.001, p<0.001), SBP and DBP were higher and $\gamma$-GPT was lower in the group that regularly drank more than 4 glasses of Soju than in the non-drinking group (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001). SBP, DBP, and $\gamma$-GPT for the "heavy smoker" group were higher than those of the non-smoker group (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05). The HDL-C was lower in the "heavy smoker" group than in the "non-smoker" group (p<0.05). The SBP with exercise was as follows: Group 1 ($0.022{\sim}0.073\;kcal/min/kg$) was lower than that of Group 3 ($0.144{\sim}0.161\;kcal/min/kg$) and Group 4 (0.161 kcal/min/kg) (p<0.001). To conclude: advancing age, snacking, and frequent alcohol consumption increased blood pressure; the lowest blood pressure was detected in the group that ate breakfast everyday and in the group that engaged in more frequent exercise; Moreover, $\gamma$-GPT was higher and HDL-C was lower in the smokers' group than in the non-smokers' group. Considering the results of this study, there appears to be an urgent need to instruct aging adults about eating breakfast everyday, reducing smoking, using less or no alcohol, and getting proper and regular exercise.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2007

In order to investigate the ecological factors affecting milk intake frequency of adolescents, the questionnaire survey was conducted with 929 middle and high school students living in Chungnam urban area through October and November 2004. The subjects consumed milk 8.6$\pm$6.7 times per week, other beverages 4.4$\pm$4.1 times per week and drinking water 3.7$\pm$2.1 cups per day. Of the students 77.3% took balanced meals, 72.8% ate regularly and 36.2% ate adequate amount. About 61% had breakfast everyday and nearly a half students snacked once a day. Nutritional knowledge scores about milk was 7.2$\pm$1.7 and milk attitude scores was 28.1$\pm$6.5. The subjects spent daily 1.8$\pm$1.1, 1.9$\pm$1.1, and 1.0$\pm$0.5 hours for computer use, TV watching and exercise, respectively. Milk intake frequencies were positively correlated with excercise, snack frequency, meal balance and regularity, breakfast frequency, food attitude score and milk preference, while showed negative correlationships with TV watching and computer use. Intake frequency of fruit-tasted and chocolate milk showed inverse correlation with nutritional knowledge. Subjects without either school store or vending machine took milk more frequently than those with one or both did. Of the correlated variables, milk preference was the most important influencing factor to milk intake frequency according to the stepwise linear regression analysis, which presented other 5 important influencing factors as food attitude, school vending facilities, excercise, snacking frequency and watching TV. In conclusion, the improvement of milk preference is the most important and effective way to promote milk consumption in adolescents. The favorite ways of drinking milk, nutritional benefit of milk, healthy beverage and good snacking should be taught in nutrition education. Also physical activities should be recommended to students rather than watching TV, computer use and vending facilities selling soft drinks should be limited to be established inside school.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.405-416
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• 2015

This study aimed to compare the dietary habits, nutritional knowledge, and health-related behaviors of students by high school type using questionnaires. The subjects were 586 male students (academic high school students (AS); 294, specialized high school students (SS); 292) in Jinju, Gyeongnam. The frequencies of eating breakfast and snacks were higher in AS than in SS (p<0.05), whereas the frequency of drinking was higher in SS than in AS (p<0.05). The main reason for skipping breakfast was 'poor appetite' in AS (45.2%) and 'lack of time' in SS (56.5%) (p<0.05). Favorite snacks included 'pizza, hamburger' (33.0%) and 'bread, noddle, ramyun' (31.0%) in AS as well as 'pizza, hamburger' (32.5%) and 'fruit, fruit juice' (26.0%) in SS. A mean of 56.2% of students ate an unbalanced diet, and the main reason was 'untasty' (47.2%). The frequency of eating out was higher in SS than in AS (p<0.05), and the main menu while eating out was 'Korean food' in AS (96.3%) and SS (90.3%). The frequency of 'meat, fish, egg, beans' was higher in AS than in SS (p<0.05). On the other hand, the frequencies of 'fruit, fruit juices' (p<0.05), 'milk, milk products' (p<0.01), 'seaweeds' (p<0.05), 'instant foods' (p<0.001) and 'soda and ion drinks' (p<0.001) were higher in SS than in AS. The mean rates of drinking and smoking in students were 84% and 29.5%, respectively. The main reason for drinking and smoking was 'to relieve stress' in AS (38.0%) and SS (30.9%) (p< 0.001). In general, the nutritional knowledge level of SS was higher than that of AS. In conclusion, there were significant differences in the frequencies of eating breakfast, food intake, drinking and reasons for eating snacks, unbalanced diet, drinking and smoking between AS and SS. Therefore, it's necessary to provide proper nutritional education for students according to high school type.