• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 1995

To investigate the ultrastructural changes of kidney and clarify to a cause of its changes in lead intoxicated rats, the 0.5% lead acetate administed orally to the rats and those were sacrifled at 2 day, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 week after the treatment of lead acetate. Each extirpated kidney was histopathologically examined under the electron microscopy and histochemical examination was also carried out. Concomitantly, the activity of free radical metabolizing enzyme was determined. The blood levels of lead concentration showed a gradual increase from the first group reaching the plateau at the one or two week group with the slightly decreasing value throughout the whole course of the experiment. And the urinary ALA concentration showed a gradual increase from the first group to the 8 week group. In the kidney tissue of rat sacrified at 6 week, the proximal tubular cells showed dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, increased numbers of secondary lysosomes and myelin figure-like residual bodies on electron microscope and oxygen free radicals are identified by histochemistry on light microscope whereas there were no differences in the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase between the lead acetate treated group and control group. But the activity of xanthine oxidase was more increased in lead acetate treated rats than control group. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in the experimental group than the control group. In conclusion, it is assumed the kidney damage in lead intoxicated rat may be induced by free radicals.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

노화과정에 산소라디칼이 관여할 가능성을 노화유도된 쥐를 동물모델로 하여 알아보았다. 난소를 절제한 rat와 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상의 rat에서의 생리활성에 미치는 인삼 추출물의 효과를 연구하였다. 난소를 절제한 rat에 각각 GTS (Ovx+GTS 군)와 GW (Ovx+GW 군)를 투여하고, 이것과 비교하기 위해 난소를 절제한 대조군(Ovx군)과 마지막으로 난소를 절제하지 않은 정상군(Sham군)으로 하여 항산화효과에 관한 실험방법으로 진행하였다. 노화유도된 쥐의 각 조직에서 lipid peroxidation이 증가되었고 free radical반응이 더 심하게 일어난 간 조직에서 노화진행이 그만큼 촉진되었음을 알 수 있었다. 간소라디칼반응이 항진된 원인을 규명코자 간 조직에서 미토콘드리아와 세포질분획에서 항산화효소의 활성을 조사한 결과, SOD와 glutathion reductase활성이 감소되었으며 노화나 지질과산화가 심하게 진행되었던 간 조직에서 이들 항산화효소의 활성감소가 심한 경향을 나타내었다. 생체는 free radical을 조절할 수 있는 다양한 항산화계가 존재하여 free radical을 효율적으로 제거함으로써 생체의 항상성을 유지할 수 있다. 이러한 항산화계에는 superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, GSH S-transferase, catalase등의 항산화효소가 있다. SOD는 반응성을 가진 산소species인 superoxide anion을 macrophage와 polymorphonuclear leucocyte의 항균작용같은 세포방어기구에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 원칙상 눈, 피부등의 byaus이 공기중의 산소에 노출되면 oxidative stress가 커짐으로서 조직이 훼손되나 SOD같은 효소에 의해 보호되고 손상이 방지되는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 실제로 신체부위에 적용해 보면 쉽게 활성상실이 일어나므로 fatty arid와 공유결합시켜 효과적으로 superoxide radical을 제거할 수 있다. AST의 활성은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 2.11배 높게 나타났으며, ALT 활성은 변화가 나타나지 않았다. AST 활성에서는 각각의 물질을 투여한 군에서는 유의적인 감소 경향을 보였다. 과산화지질함량은 Ovx군이 Sham군에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 각각의 인삼추출물을 투여한 군에서는 62%∼72%의 저해률을 보였다. 항산화 효소들은 Sham군에 비해 Ovx군에서 낮게 나타났는데, 각 물질의 투여 군에서는 유의성있는 증가를 보였다. 이러한 결과에서 보듯이, 난소 절제로 생성된 많은 free radical은 항산화효소에 의해서 감소되었으며, 그리고 인삼 추출물이 항산화 효소 대신에 노화를 저해하는 작용을 하는 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1974-1979
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• 2018

Objective: This study compared fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities of high-preference cuts (loin, tenderloin, and rib) and low-preference cuts (brisket, topside, and shank) of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows to obtain potentially useful information for promoting the consumption of various low-preference cuts. Methods: Individual 500 g samples of fresh beef were collected from each of the six cuts from 10 Hanwoo cows (quality grade 1) and immediately freeze-dried. The dried samples were evaluated for fatty acid composition, free radical scavenging activities (hydroxyl, alkyl, and 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical), and antioxidative enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione-S-transferase [GST], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Results: The percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in low-preference cuts than in high-preference cuts (p<0.05). Hydroxyl, alkyl, and DPPH radical scavenging activities were significantly higher in low-preference cuts than in high-preference cuts (p<0.05). In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as GPx, GST, and SOD, were significantly higher in low-preference cuts compared with high-preference cuts (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results may influence consumers to include more low-preference cuts in their selections based on the nutritional facts, which could help to balance the beef market in South Korea.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals and implicated in the development of a number of disease processes including artherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, aging and cancer. ROS are byproducts of a number of in vivo metabolic processes and are formed deliberately as part of nor-mal inflammatory response. On the other hand, ROS are generated either as by products of oxygen reduction during xenobiotic metabolism or are liberated as the result of the futile redox cycling of the chemical agents including several chemical carcinogens. A better understanding of the mechanisms of free radical toxicity may yield valuable clue to risks associated with chemical exposures that leading to the development of chronic diseases including cancer. The molecular biology of ROS-mediated alterations in gene expression, signal transduction and carcinognesis is one of the important subjects in free radical toxicology. Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake of vegetables and fruits are associated with the low incidence of human cancer. Many phytopolyphenols such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, genistein and other flavonoids have been shown to be cancer chemopreventive agents. Most of these compounds are strong antioxidant and ROS scavengers in vitro and effective inducers of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutatse, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in vivo. Several cellular transducers namely receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, MAPK, PI3K, c-jun, c-fos, c-myc, NFkB, IkB kinase, iNOS, COX-2, Bcl-2, Bax, etc have been shown to be actively modulated by phyto-polyphenols. Recent development in free radical toxicology have provided strong basis for understanding the action mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2014

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant defense system of cinnamaldehyde in normal, diabetic rats and its possible protection of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against its gradual loss under diabetic conditions. In vitro free radical scavenging effect of cinnamaldehyde was determined using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radical. Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats were orally administered with cinnamaldehyde at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, the levels of plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were determined. A significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, and lipid peroxides and significant decrease in the levels of plasma insulin and reduced glutathione were observed in the diabetic rats. Also the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were altered in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The altered enzyme activities were reverted to near-normal levels after treatment with cinnamaldehyde and glibenclamide. Histopathological studies also revealed a protective effect of cinnamaldehyde on pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells. Cinnamaldehyde enhances the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycemic conditions and thus protects pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells against their loss and exhibits antidiabetic properties.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.819-825
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• 2005

항산화물질인 glutathione (${\gamma}$-L-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) 고함유 효모 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8에서 생산된 glutathione을 함유한 세포 추출액의 항산화 활성을 in vitro 과산화지질 실험계인 DPPH($a,{\;}\acute{a}-diphenyl-\beta-picrylhydrazyl$)법, linoleic acid를 이용한 ferric thiocyanate법과 TBA법 및 microsome 생체막 지질 과산화물 생성정도의 TBARS법으로 측정하였다. YM 최적 배지에서 생산된 glutathione 농도는 $204\mug/ml$로 YM 기본배지에서 생산된 glutathione 농도 $74\mug/ml$보다 2.76배 증가하였다. 본 실험에서는 YM 기본배지와 최적배지에서 S. cerevisiae FF-8이 생산하는 glutathione 함량에 따른 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. DPPH 측정법에서는 짙은 자색의 탈색되는 정도로 나타내는 전자 공여능이 glutathione 함량이 높은 최적 생산배지에서 S. cerevisiae FF-8가 생산하는 glutathione고함유 세포 추출액에서 대조구인 $ 0.05\%BHT $와 비슷한 수준으로 항산화 활성이 높게 나타났다. 각 조직 microsome을 이용한 생체막 지질 과산화 억제정도는 최적 생산배지에서 전체적으로 높게 나타났으며, 간장 $60.98\%$, 신장 $56.43\%$, 심장 $52.91\%$, 뇌 $52.13\%$, 고환$45.57\%$ 및 비장 $42.95\%$순으로 나타났다 Linoleic acid 산화 실험계를 이용한 ferric thiocyanate법에서는 최적 생산배지가 반응 7일째까지 대조구에 비해 강한 항산화 활성을 보였으며, TBA법에서는 반응 5일째까지 최적 생산배지가 YM 배지보다는 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다 이상의 결과에서 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 균주가 glutathione을 생산하는 최적배지 조건에서 생산된 glutathione 고함유 세포 추출액은 in vitro 항산화 실험계인 DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric thiocyanate and TBARS 측정에서 항산화 활성을 나타내는 생리활성 성분을 지닌 것으로 나타나 천연 항산화제로서의 사용 가능성을 시사하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.212-217
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• 1999

The effects of nuruk and wheat bran on cholesterol level in serum and activities of free radical metabolizing enzymes were investigated in rats. The rats were fed a diet containing nuruk or wheat bran for one month. Body weight and food intake were measured. Animals were sacrificed after one month. The increased food efficiency ratio throughout whole growth period was observed in the rats fed with either nuruk containing Aspergillus terreus or wheat bran compared with control group on normal diet. In the rats fed with nuruk, hepatic GSH content, glutathione S transferase activity, hepatic cytochrome P 450 content, and aniline hydroxylase activities were generally increased. In the rats fed with nuruk containing other fungi except Aspergillus terreus, xanthine oxidase activity was decreased. The decreased cholesterol level in serum was observed in rats fed with nuruk prepared from Aspergillus terreus and wheat bran. LDL cholesterol level was decreased in rats fed with nuruk prepared with other fungi such as Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp. But HDL cholesterol level was increased in all groups fed with nuruk from any fungi and wheat bran. These results suggested that nuruk or wheat bran supplemented diet might exert their effect by decreasing cholesterol level in serum and amount of oxygen free radical level.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2000

적변인삼의 원인 물질을 구명코저 인삼뿌리의 적변현상과 항산화 활성과의 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 적변뿌리와 건전뿌리의 각 부위별 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 적변삼의 표피와 피층조직의 superoxide dismutase(SOD) 활성(units/mg protein)은 각각 126.9와 79.6으로 정상뿌리에 비해 각각 3.5배, 2.0배 높았다. 적변뿌리의 catalase활성은 약 1.6배 높았으나, peroxidase 활성은 오히려 약간 낮았다. 적변뿌리 각 조직의 DPPH 자유라디칼 포착활성은 정상뿌리에 비해 약 2.0배 높았다. 정상뿌리의 ascorbate 함량은 조직에 따라 약간의 차이를 나타내었지만(166~240 $\mu$g/g fr. wt.), 산화형dehydroascorbate(DHA) 함량이 전체 ascorbate 함량의 약 97~79%를 차지하였다. 적변뿌리의 전체 ascorbate함량은 정상뿌리와 비슷하였지만 환원형 ascorbate의 함량은 조직에 따라 다르지만 정상뿌리에 비해 3.5~7.5배 높았다. 적변뿌리의 표피조직, 피층조직, 중심주 조직의 전체 glutathione 함량은 정상조직에 비해 각각 7.3배, 4.8배, 1.2배 높았다. 적변화에 따른 환원형 glutathione(GSH)과 산화형 glutathione(GSSG)의 함량비는 전체 glutathione 함량변화와 비슷하였다. 이상의 결과는 인삼의 적변조직은 어떤 외부스트레스에 의해 과다하게 발생되는 활성산소종을 제거하기 위하여 SOD 활성, 환원형 ascorbate 함량, 환원형 glutathione 함량이 크게 증가하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.803-812
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• 1997

The influences of dietary supplements of vitamin E on hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis have been studied, Placental glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci area, antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase(GST)), glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activities, and lipid peroxidation of mecrosomes(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) contents) were investigated. For is purpose , we used the murine chemical hepatocardinogenic procedure induced by modified Ito model, which consists of 200mg/kg body weight diethylinitrosamine (DEN) injection, 0.01% 2-acethlaminoflurene(2-AAF) feeding for 6 weeks, and partial hepatectomy on week 3. Weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed pulverized Purina rat chow with 15, 000IU/kg diet vitamin E from initiation or promotion stages. We found that vitamin E supplement decreased the area of GST-P positive foci. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase. GST activities, and TBARS contents were decreased. On the other hand G6Pase activities were increased by vitamin E supplement. It seemed that vitamin E supplements helped endogenous defense systems against carcinogenesis by decreasing TBARS contents, $H_2O$$_2$ and organic peroxides. So, vitamin E seemed to protect cell from free radical damage in carcinogenesis. Anticarcinogenic effects of vitamin E were more effective at intiation that at promotion stage. These results suggest that vitamin E has suppressive effects on hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis, probably through antioxidant effects against TBARS contents $H_2O$$_2$ and orgainc peroxides.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.232-239
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• 2005

An aqueous extract of oriental herbal composition named Onchengyeum and curcumin, an antioxidant isolated from turmeric (Curcuma Zonga L.) reduced hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride ($CCI_4$). Improved liver function was observed by measuring the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CHO), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CHO), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and total bilirubin (BIL) in serum. Hepatic parameters monitored were levels of cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP), NADPH-CYP reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The histopathological examination showed that the treatment of Onchengyeum and curcumin relieved the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes which had been generated by $CCI_4$. The results suggested that hepatoprotective effects of Onchengyeum and curcumin possibly are due to their promising antioxidative activity.