• 제목/요약/키워드: formulation design

검색결과 975건 처리시간 0.03초

The change of signaling pathway on the electrical stimulated contraction in streptozotocin-induced bladder dysfunction of rats

  • Han, Jong Soo;Min, Young Sil;Kim, Gil Hyung;Chae, Sang-hyun;Nam, Yoonjin;Lee, Jaehwi;Lee, Seok-Yong;Sohn, Uy Dong
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.577-584
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    • 2018
  • Bladder dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, there have been a few studies evaluating bladder smooth muscle contraction in DM in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors. In the present study, we compared the contractility of bladder smooth muscle from normal rats and DM rats. Furthermore, we utilized pharmacological inhibitors to delineate the mechanisms underlying bladder muscle differences between normal and DM rats. DM was established in 14 days after using a single injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Bladder smooth muscle contraction was induced electrically using electrical field stimulation consisting of pulse trains at an amplitude of 40 V and pulse duration of 1 ms at frequencies of 2-10 Hz. In this study, the pharmacological inhibitors atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist), U73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor), DPCPX (adenosine $A_1$ receptor antagonist), udenafil (PDE5 inhibitor), prazosin (${\alpha}_1$-receptor antagonist), verapamil (calcium channel blocker), and chelerythrine (protein kinase C inhibitor) were used to pretreat bladder smooth muscles. It was found that the contractility of bladder smooth muscles from DM rats was lower than that of normal rats. In addition, there were significant differences in percent change of contractility between normal and DM rats following pretreatment with prazosin, udenafil, verapamil, and U73122. In conclusion, we suggest that the decreased bladder muscle contractility in DM rats was a result of perturbations in $PLC/IP_3$-mediated intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release and PDE5 activity.

동양회화(東洋繪畵)에서 형상(形象)의 심미작용(審美作用) (A Study of application on the Figurative Aesthetics of Oriental Painting)

  • 정진룡
    • 조형예술학연구
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    • 제8권
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    • pp.211-239
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this thesis is to explore a common characteristic of the diverse oriental images mainly from the figurative point of view, and apply it to the contemporary expressions and methods of painting. To do that, I separated the concept of figure into two factors - form and image - and then approached and solved the problems of figure by explaining the two factors respectively. Separating form from image is neither to set two factors against each other nor to isolate any of those values. It is worth dividing the form and the image not only because the image of the oriental painting has a figurative value constituted from an external frame of the form, but also because it has a close connection with the meaning that the form holds inside. These are the reasons why I conceptualize the individual language of form and image. Furthermore, I attempted to investigate how those two factors and mutual relations between them make real figurative images under the principle of harmony and coexistence. The theme of this thesis - the figurative aesthetics and its contemporaneity in the oriental paintings is analyzed based on the understanding of 'figure' within the framework of oriental paintings. A research of image from the figurative point of view is valuable in that it criticizes the past method of thinking, and proposes an alternative formula for new way of thinking. In this regard, I indicated the limit of the theory of form-and-spirit that has been one of the most important conceptual theories . Instead, I' accessed to various aesthetic concepts - that are created in the course of image formulation - from the actual figurative point of view, and then even interpreted it as a figurative value of the oriental paintings and it's application within the specific and practical scope. During the course of research, I explored the conceptual elements of the tradition and the principle of figuration. I expect this study to make a footstone for bringing traditional aesthetics to the contemporary context of oriental painting.

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Virtual Network Embedding through Security Risk Awareness and Optimization

  • Gong, Shuiqing;Chen, Jing;Huang, Conghui;Zhu, Qingchao;Zhao, Siyi
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • 제10권7호
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    • pp.2892-2913
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    • 2016
  • Network virtualization promises to play a dominant role in shaping the future Internet by overcoming the Internet ossification problem. However, due to the injecting of additional virtualization layers into the network architecture, several new security risks are introduced by the network virtualization. Although traditional protection mechanisms can help in virtualized environment, they are not guaranteed to be successful and may incur high security overheads. By performing the virtual network (VN) embedding in a security-aware way, the risks exposed to both the virtual and substrate networks can be minimized, and the additional techniques adopted to enhance the security of the networks can be reduced. Unfortunately, existing embedding algorithms largely ignore the widespread security risks, making their applicability in a realistic environment rather doubtful. In this paper, we attempt to address the security risks by integrating the security factors into the VN embedding. We first abstract the security requirements and the protection mechanisms as numerical concept of security demands and security levels, and the corresponding security constraints are introduced into the VN embedding. Based on the abstraction, we develop three security-risky modes to model various levels of risky conditions in the virtualized environment, aiming at enabling a more flexible VN embedding. Then, we present a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the VN embedding problem in different security-risky modes. Moreover, we design three heuristic embedding algorithms to solve this problem, which are all based on the same proposed node-ranking approach to quantify the embedding potential of each substrate node and adopt the k-shortest path algorithm to map virtual links. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms.

기하학적 비선형 효과를 고려한 복합재료 적층 쉘 구조의 유한요소 동적 해석 (Finite element dynamic analysis of laminated composite shell structures considering geometric nonlinear effects)

  • 이상열
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제14권11호
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    • pp.5979-5986
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구에서는 복합재료 적층 쉘 구조의 기하학적 비선형 동적 거동을 상세 분석하였다. Sanders의 1차 전단 변형 쉘이론 및 비선형 방정식을 기반하여, 비선형 동적 방정식의 해는 Newmark 방법과 Newton-Raphson 반복법을 혼용하여 적용하여 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 유한요소 해석프로그램을 사용하여 쉘의 곡률, 화이버 보강각도 및 적층 배열의 변화가 적층 쉘의 기하학적 비선형 동적 거동에 미치는 영향을 상세 분석하였다. 몇 가지 수치해석 결과는 기존 문헌으로부터 얻어진 결과와 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 새로운 결과는 최대 동적변위에 대한 적층 쉘 구조의 곡률, 화이버 보강각도 그리고 적층 배열 형식과의 중요한 상호관계를 보여준다. 몇 가지 수치해석 예제는 동적 특성을 고려한 적층 쉘 구조를 상세 설계하는데 필요한 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

용접조립 각형 CFT 기둥-보 외다이아프램 접합부의 구조 거동 (Structural Behavior of Welded Built-up Square CFT Column to Beam Connections with External Diaphragm)

  • 이성희;김영호;최성모
    • 한국강구조학회 논문집
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 2016
  • 기존 콘크리트충전 각형강관(CFT) 구조에 사용하는 각형강관은 4개의 판을 용접하여 제작하는 박스칼럼이 일반적이다. 그러나 이러한 강관은 제작효율이 저하되며, 또한 기둥-보 접합부에는 내측 다이아프램과 관통 다이아프램을 용접하는데 특수한 용접기술이 필요하다. 따라서, 얇은 강판을 절곡하는 방식으로 응력집중 위치의 용접을 피하고, 단면효율이 극대화된 내부앵커 돌출형의 용접조립 각형강관을 개발하게 되었다. 용접조립 각형강관은 강관내부에 스티프너가 설치되어 내측 다이아프램과 관통 다이아프램과 간섭이 발생하게 되므로 본 연구에서는 용접조립 각형CFT 기둥-보 접합부로 외다이아프램형식을 채택하고 외다이아프램의 설계식을 제안하였으며, 기둥-보 접합부의 거동을 파악하기 위해 실대형 4개 실험체를 제작하여 구조거동 및 내력을 분석하였다.

Prediction of Fluid-borne Noise Transmission Using AcuSolve and OptiStruct

  • Barton, Michael;Corson, David;Mandal, Dilip;Han, Kyeong-Hee
    • 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.557-561
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    • 2014
  • In this work, Altair Engineering's vibroacoustic modeling approach is used to simulate the acoustic signature of a simplified automobile in a wind tunnel. The modeling approach relies on a two step procedure involving simulation and extraction of acoustic sources using a high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation followed by propagation of the acoustic energy within the structure and passenger compartment using a structural dynamics solver. The tools necessary to complete this process are contained within Altair's HyperWorks CAE software suite. The CFD simulations are performed using AcuSolve and the structural simulations are performed using OptiStruct. This vibroacoustics simulation methodology relies on calculation of the acoustic sources from the flow solution computed by AcuSolve. The sources are based on Lighthill's analogy and are sampled directly on the acoustic mesh. Once the acoustic sources have been computed, they are transformed into the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with advanced sampling and are subsequently used in the structural acoustics model. Although this approach does require the CFD solver to have knowledge of the acoustic simulation domain a priori, it avoids modeling errors introduced by evaluation of the acoustic source terms using dissimilar meshes and numerical methods. The aforementioned modeling approach is demonstrated on the Hyundai Simplified Model (HSM) geometry in this work. This geometry contains flow features that are representative of the dominant noise sources in a typical automobile design; namely vortex shedding from the passenger compartment A-pillar and bluff body shedding from the side view mirrors. The geometry also contains a thick poroelastic material on the interior that acts to reduce the acoustic noise. This material is modeled using a Biot material formulation during the structural acoustic simulation. Successful prediction of the acoustic noise within the HSM geometry serves to validate the vibroacoustic modeling approach for automotive applications.

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Bioequivalence Evaluation of Two Atenolol Tablet Preparations in Korean Healthy Male Volunteers

  • Gwak, Hye-Sun;Chun, In-Koo
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.187-191
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of two brands of atenolol (50 mg) tablets, which are a generic product of $Ditent^{\circledR}$ (Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) and an innovator product $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ (Hyundai Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd., Korea), in 20 healthy Korean male volunteers. The volunteers received a single 50 mg dose of each atenolol formulation according to a randomized, two-way cross-over design. The washout period between treatments was 1 week. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval, and atenolol concentrations were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. From the plasma atenolol concentration vs. time curves, the following parameters were compared: area under the plasma concentration-time curve ($AUC_{0-24}$), peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach peak plasma concentration ($T_{max}$), and terminal first order elimination half-life ($t_{1/2}$). No statistically significant difference was obtained between the $T_{max}$ values, and the logarithmic transformed $AUC_{0-24}$ and $C_{max}$ values of the two products. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of $Ditent^{\circledR}$ over those of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ were calculated to be between 0.85 and 1.04, and 0.89 and 1.07, respectively; both were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The mean of $T_{max}$ in $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ group was 3.1 hour, and that in Ditent$^{\circledR}$ group was 3.2 hour. The values of $t_{1/2}$ between the two products were found comparable, and the mean values were 5.2 hour in the both products. Based on these results, it was concluded that $Ditent^{\circledR}$ was comparable to $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ in both the rate and extent of absorption, indicating that $Ditent^{\circledR}$ was bioequivalent to the reference product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$.

다물체 동역학을 이용한 파력발전기의 동적거동 분석 (Dynamic Analysis of Wave Energy Generation System by Using Multibody Dynamics)

  • 장진석;손정현
    • 대한기계학회논문집A
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    • 제35권12호
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    • pp.1579-1584
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문에서는 파도의 에너지를 전기에너지로 변환하는 파력발전시스템에 대해 다루며, 발전기 및 12개의 암을 가진 가동물체형 파력발전기를 기구학적 구속조건을 이용하여 다물체 동역학 모델링 하였다. 새롭게 제안하는 파력발전기의 기어 메커니즘과 구속방정식 및 전달되는 힘요소에 대해 동역학적으로 모델링하였다. 파력은 시간영역에서 모리슨 방정식을 이용하여 수치적으로 계산하여 모델에 적용하였다. 시스템 거동해석을 위해 상용 다물체동역학 해석프로그램인 MSC/ADAMS를 이용하였다. 파력발전시스템의 파도에 대한 안정성을 검토하고 동적 거동 특성을 분석하였다. 하중에 따라 거동 특성을 분석한 결과 Yaw 운동은 상대적으로 적게 나타났으며 파고 1 m 이상일 경우 충분한 운동에너지가 발생함을 알 수 있다.

복합재료판 구조물의 고유진동수 위상최적화에 관한 연구 (Study on Topology Optimization for Eigenfrequency of Plates with Composite Materials)

  • 김화일;윤혁기;한경민
    • 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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    • 제19권12호
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    • pp.1356-1363
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    • 2009
  • The aim of this research is to construct eigenfrequency optimization codes for plates with Arbitrary Rank Microstructures. From among noise factors, resonance sound is main reason for floor's solid noise. But, Resonance-elusion design codes are not fixed so far. Besides, The prediction of composite material's capability and an resonance elusion by controlling natural frequency of plate depend on designer's experiences. In this paper, First, using computer program with arbitrary rank microstructure, variation on composite material properties is studied, and then natural frequency control is performed by plate topology optimization method. The results of this study are as followed. 1) Programs that calculate material properties along it's microstructure composition and control natural frequency on composite material plate are coded by Homogenization and Topology Optimization method. and it is examined by example problem. 2) Equivalent material properties, calculated by program, are examined for natural frequency. In this paper, Suggested programs are coded using $Matlab^{TM}$, Feapmax and Feap Library with Homogenization and Topology Optimization method. and Adequacy of them is reviewed by performing the maximization or minimization of natural frequency for plates with isotropic or anisotropic materials. Since the programs has been designed for widely use. If the mechanism between composite material and other structural member is identified, extension application may be possible in field of structure maintenance, reinforcement etc. through application of composite material.

축소형 회전익 항공기의 간략화된 동적 모델링 (Simplified Dynamic Modeling of Small-Scaled Rotorcraft)

  • 이환;이상기
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제33권8호
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    • pp.56-64
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    • 2005
  • 모형헬리콥터를 이용한 무인항공기 설계를 위해 비선형 형태의 수학적 모델이 선행되어야 한다. 모형헬리콥터는 실기 헬리콥터에 비해 회전수가 훨씬 높으며 따라서 동특성도 실물기에 비해 훨씬 빠르다는 차이점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 축소형 헬리콥터의 수학적 모델링에 필요한 정식화과정으로서 복잡성을 최소화하면서도 실제의 동특성에 잘 부합하도록 각 구성요소별로 계산한 후 전체로 합산하는 방법을 제시하였다. 제자리 비행과 전진비행에서 수치계산을 통해 트림 값들을 계산하고 제자리 비행조건에서 선형 시스템을 해석하여 모형헬리콥터의 비행모드를 분석하였다. 계산결과 일반적인 경향은 몇 가지 작은 부분 이외에는 대체로 다른 연구결과와 비슷하였다. 이 과정을 검증하기 위해서 비행시험을 수행하여 시스템식별에 의한 결과와 비교하는 연구가 후속 수행될 예정이다.