• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.302-310
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• 2016

The loss and degradation in tropical forest region are some of the current global concern. Hence, these issues elevated the role of rehabilitated forests in providing ecological products and services. The information on the carbon stock is important in relation to global carbon and biomass use, but lacking from the tropical region. This paper reports the assessment of tree and soil carbon stock in a chronosequence rehabilitated tropical forest stands in Malaysia. The study site was at the UPM-Mitsubishi Forest Rehabilitation Project, UPMKB. $20{\times}20m$ plot was established each and assessed in 2009 at 1-, 10- and 19-year-old sites while an adjacent ${\pm}23-year-old$ natural regenerating secondary forest plot was established for comparison. The overall total carbon stock was in the order of 19-year-old>${\pm}23-year-old$>10-year-old>1-year-old. When forest carbon stock is low, the soil component plays an important role in the carbon storage. The forest carbon recovery is crucial to increase soil carbon stock. The variations in the carbon stock showed the different stages of the forest recovery. Species survived after 19-years of planting are potential species for carbon sequestration activities in rehabilitated forest. Human intervention in rehabilitating degraded forest areas through tree planting initiatives is crucial towards recovering the forest ecological role especially in forest carbon stock capacity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2014

In order to accurately estimate the litter mass, we evaluated the required sample sizes across 13 chronosequence stands for five years (1994~1996, 2003~2004) in northern hardwood forests in New Hampshire, USA. It was found that the number of required litter traps in our stands (0.25~0.5 ha) within ${\pm}10%$ of the sample mean was appeared to be similar or higher than the 15 litter traps installed in this study. Notably, in 1994 and 1995, the number of required litter trap was twice higher than the 15 litter traps. Further, within ${\pm}20%$ of the sample mean, the number of required litter traps was less than 10 across all 13 stands for five years, which indicates that we can reduce the sample size. Precisely, the number of sample size had increased in stands with steep and high elevation, but no relations with stand age across 13 stands were observed. Based on these results, we suggest that it is important to sample litter mass for several years, in order to determine the number of appropriate sample size, and stands with steep and high elevation may need more litter traps.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 2005

This study was carried out to estimate aboveground carbon contents associated with four years of thinning treatment of Quercus acuta stands in Wando Arboretum, Jeonnam. Stand thinning was conducted over four years using stand table projection for each thinning treatment. Ten sample trees were cut in the surveyed area. Estimation of aboveground biomass was made using the equation model $W=aD+bD^2$ where W is oven dry weight and D is DBH in cm. The total aboveground biomass for each intensity treatment area was : control (148.4 ton/ha), light (105.6 ton/ha), moderate (68.7 ton/ha) and heavy (39.1 ton/ha). Aboveground carbon storage for Quercus acuta stands was found by multiplying dry weigh t (ton/ha) by 0.5. Carbon storage and increment after four years was: control (74.2 tonC/ha), light (52.8 tonC/ha), moderate (34.3 tonC/ha) and heavy thinning intensity area (38.2tonC/ha).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.54-68
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• 2000

This study was tried to calculate the stumpage value using GIS technique. Before calculating this price the feasible areas to cut were divided from all forests. The stumpage value per $m^3$ was calculated by the method of calculating back from the market price, according to the working volume of logging unit and clearing a felling area using GIS. The distribution of the stumpage value for the coniferous stands was estimated from minimum 10,000 won to maximum 50,000 won, and for the deciduous stands the stumpage value was distributed from minimum 20,000 won to maximum 40,000 won. The total estimated selling price for the cutting available area (197.3ha) among this study area(250ha) except the cutting limited area was about 1.13 billions won. And the estimated selling price for the korean white pine stands was about 650 millions won, occupied 57% among the total selling price, and for the deciduous stands showed 383 millions won, occupied 34% of the total price, and for the japanese larch was 9.69 millions won, occupied 9% of the total price. But the rigida pine stands showed only 1.22 millions won.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.579-591
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• 2012

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a rare and endangered species and important as a honey resource. The purposes of this study were to investigate physical environmental factors and the population and community structure of Berchemia berchemiaefolia stands at Mt. Gunja in Sogrisan National Park in Chungcheongbuk-do. The B. berchemiaefolia stands belonged to deciduous forests in mid-temperate zone and were $5{\sim}25^{\circ}$ in slope, 30~90% in rock ratio, and 6.37 in soil pH. They had 656 trees within the area of 36 ha and their average density was 18.2 trees per ha. The trees within the stands were 11.8 m in tree height, 22.6 cm in DBH and 56 years old. The number of branched stems was the maximum 8 and 32.9% of the trees were branched. B. berchemiaefolia trees over 12 cm diameter occupied 89.9%, but young B. berchemiaefolia did only 11%. The structure of B. berchemiaefolia stands were classified into three groups as Acer pseudo-sieboldianum & A. mono community group, A. pseudo-sieboldianum & Quercus aliena community group, and B. berchemiaefolia & Quercus serata community group. The mean importance value of B. berchemiaefolia was 10.9%, while species diversity of the community ranged 0.77~1.31 and interspecific competition ranged 0.78~0.94. The dominance of the community ranged of 0.07~0.29 and the evenness ranged 0.71~0.93. Although B. berchemiaefolia was dominant in the habitat, but the species was already in natural successional stage to Cornus controversa or Ulmus davidiana var. japonica.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.21
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The object of this study was to analyze influence which Black locust afforestation affected to soil, to research change of soil environment of Black locust planted stand and adjacent stands through comparative analyzing physichemical property of soil of them. It was investigated that the soil texture of Black locust planted stand and the adjacent stands was mostly SL. and LS. According to this result I could know that transformation of soil texture by vegetation easily happened because transformation soil texture results from the parent rock. I could ascertain that difference existed between Black locust planted stand and the other stands in soil pH and Carbon content of planted stand of Black locust pH, contents of Available $P_2O_5$ Carbon, Total Nitrogen. In other words, pH and Carbon content of Black locust planted stand were lower than that of Oak forest, higher than that of Pine forest. These results showed that Black locust was which fix nitrogen. I could infer that Black locust afforestation made forest soil fertilized. In soil of Black locust planted stand and the adjacent stands, statistical value appeared highly in pH and existed in content of Carbon, Total nitrogen, too. And high interrelationship appeared in the order of pH, C/N Ratio, CEC, Total nitrogen content was in each stands. I suppose that the trespassing extent of Black locust to Oak forest and Pine forest which are adjacent to planted stand of Black locust is different because of low pH, lackness of Available $P_2O_5$ Carbon, and what not.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1119-1124
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• 2006

Height-growth analysis was used to examine forest structure and compare Pterocarya rhoifolia and Fraxinus spaethiana growth characteristics within and between each species in two P. rhoifolia-dominant and two F. spaethiana established contemporaneously in the sere, species vertical stratification 25 years after stand initiation was such that P. rhoifolia dominated the overstory but F. spaethiana the understory, including that P. rhoifolia grew about 4 times more rapidly Similarly, F. spaethiana dominated the overstory but not the understory, in a stand where it established mainly by itself, 25 years after Initiation. However, comparing the two different stands, P. rhoifolia overstory heights were about two times greater than F. spaethiana. This suggests that in a disturbance regime, forest regeneration is affected by height-growth patterns such that P. rhoifolia's ability to achieverapid height growth allows it to dominate where lights growth allows it to dominate where light resources are continuously abundant.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.141-149
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• 1977

In this sampling obtained 7,108 measurements for all trees larger than 2.5cm (1.0 inch) dbh from seven stands in Kwhangnung. In terms of similarity indices seven stands are classified into three kind of forest coniferous, mixed, and broadleaved froest communiteis. For ten major tree species in a three forest communities the size distributions are studied. Two forms of size distributions were observed: (1) linear relationships of log numbers of stem vs. size indicating stablesize distributions; (2) convex to bell shaped size distributions reflecting declining populaitons with a low natality rate. Survivorship analyses showed that successional trends seem to be: Pinus densilfloralongrightarrowQuercus aliena and Q. serratalongrightarrowCarpinus laxifloralongrightarrowC. erosalongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum var. Koreanum. These results agree with the results from ordination method. An alternate pathways that Pinus koraiensis seems to be replaced by C. laxiflora were observed. It seems that successional trend is not unidireciton, but rather multi-directional.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2015

Acquiring accurate quantitative and qualitative information is necessary for the technical and scientific management of forest stands. In this study, stratification and systematic random sampling methods were used to estimation of quantitative characteristics in study area. The estimator ($((E%)^2xT)$) was used to compare the systematic random and stratified sampling methods. 100 percent inventory was carried out in an area of 400 hectares; characteristics as: tree density, crown cover (canopy), and basal area were measured. Tree density of stands was compared through systemic random and stratified sampling methods. Findings of the study reveal that stratified sampling method gives a better representation of estimates than systematic random sampling.