• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2024

In order to achieve the management goals (30by30) mandated by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, this study established the site-level assessment criteria for OECMs, tailored to domestic circumstances using the Delphi analysis. Subsequently, a site-level assessment was conducted on the National Gariwangsan Natural Recreation Forest. As a result of the study, the initial step involved presenting criteria for the site-level assessment of OECMs, with 'consent for the assessment and recognition of OECM by competent and management authority' proposed as a prerequisite. Subsequently, seven evaluation criteria were established, including 'other than a legally protected area', 'spatially separated area with defined boundaries', 'effective in-situ conservation of biodiversity', 'sustainable management based on the competent and management authority', 'long-term sustainability of conservation outcomes', and 'provision of ecosystem services'. The results of applying site-level assessment criteria to the National Gariwangsan Natural Recreation Forest indicate that six criteria were met, while one criterion (sustainable management based on the competent and management authority) requires further improvement. Specifically, the key competent and management authorities for the National Gariwangsan Natural Recreation Forest are the Korea Forest Service and the National Natural Recreation Forest Management Office, with competent and management organizations established. However, the management focus is primarily on providing forest recreation services centered on users and facilities, making it difficult to confirm the long-term biodiversity conservation plans and implementation by the competent and management authorities. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to improve the long-term biodiversity conservation plans and implementation for the recognition of the National Gariwangsan Natural Recreation Forest as an OECM.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.80-96
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• 2023

인간의 활동 영역과 도로의 확장으로 인한 생태공간의 손실과 단절은 생물다양성에 부정적 요소이다. 특히 토지의 이용과 피복이 급속하게 변한 도시의 시가화지역은 생태공간의 손실과 고립으로 야생생물의 서식이 어려운 지역이다. 또한 도시화에 따른 생태공간 손실과 단절은 생태계서비스에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 그러므로 도시와 국토의 생물다양성 및 생태계서비스 증진을 위해 도시의 현황을 반영한 실용적 생태축 구축이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 대구·경북권역 기초자치단체의 도시생태축 관련 공간계획 수립에 활용할 수 있는 생태공간의 연결성과 산림축을 분석하여 제시하였다. 생태공간 연결성은 대구·경북권역 31개 기초자치단체의 산림과 자연지역으로 구분하여 토지피복도를 활용하여 분석하였다. 그리고 대상지를 20,483개의 1km² 육각형 격자로 나누고 생태공간의 100m 이내 단절에 대한 복원 효과를 공간 군집화하여 복원 중점지역을 시각화하였다. 산림축은 100ha 이상 산림 1,534개를 연결하는 선형을 토지피복, 건축물 면적, 경사 등 지역 현황을 반영하여 도출하였다. 연구 결과는 생태공간의 연결성 개선을 위한 공간계획 및 목표 수립과 복원지역 선정의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2008

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2017

Background: This study investigated the temporal variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux and its relationship with soil temperature and precipitation in the Quercus glauca and Abies koreana forests in Jeju Island, South Korea, from August 2010 to December 2012. Q. glauca and A. koreana forests are typical vegetation of warm-temperate evergreen forest zone and sub-alpine coniferous forest zone, respectively, in Jeju island. Results: The mean soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca forest was $0.7g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $14.3^{\circ}C$ and that of A. koreana forest was $0.4g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $6.8^{\circ}C$. The cumulative annual soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 54.2 and $34.2t\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Total accumulated soil carbon efflux in Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 29.5 and $18.7t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for 2 years, respectively. The relationship between soil $CO_2$ efflux and soil temperate at 10 cm depth was highly significant in the Q. glauca ($r^2=0.853$) and A. koreana forests ($r^2=0.842$). Soil temperature was the main controlling factor over $CO_2$ efflux during most of the study period. Also, precipitation may affect soil $CO_2$ efflux that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate. Conclusions: Soil $CO_2$ efflux was affected by soil temperature as the dominant control and moisture as the limiting factor. The difference of soil $CO_2$ efflux between of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was induced by soil temperature to altitude and regional precipitation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

이 논문은 산림 경관 모형의 역사적 발전 양상과 특성, 그리고 이를 유형화하는 다양한 방식과 기준을 살펴보았다. 우리나라는 성공적인 조림 사업을 통해 대규모 산림 녹화의 성공적 수행이라는 성과를 올렸으나, 증가하는 성숙림과 기후변화의 대두, 그리고 다양한 산림 교란의 발생과 같은 새로운 도전에 직면하게 되었다. 이에 따라 넓은 면적과 높은 다양성을 지닌 산림이 향후 장기간에 걸쳐 어떤 변화를 맞이할 수 있으며, 어떤 관리가 산림의 다양한 가치와 생태계 서비스를 극대화시킬 수 있을 것인지에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 산림 경관 모형은 이렇게 광범위한 시공간적 규모에서의 산림 변화와 관리의 문제에 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 접근 방식이며, 다양한 목적과 특성을 지닌 많은 종류의 모형이 활발히 개발되고 적용되어 왔다. 그런데 모형의 종류가 매우 다양할 뿐 아니라 모사하는 현상과 알고리즘, 모형의 특성 등의 변이가 매우 크기에 연구자들이 적절한 모형을 선택하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 현재 활발하게 활용되고 있는 다양한 모형의 특징을 정리하고 현재의 현황과 앞으로의 과제를 살펴봄으로써 적절한 모형의 선정과 적용, 해석에 도움이 되고자 하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제112권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2023

산림생산력의 예측은 지속가능한 산림경영이나 산림생태계서비스 증진을 위한 산림관리에 필수적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 전국 112개 신갈나무 임분을 대상으로 입지 및 토양 특성의 속성변수를 이용하여 지위 추정 모형을 개발하였다. 신갈나무 임분의 지위지수는 입지 및 토양 특성을 독립변수 한 일반최소제곱(Ordinary Least Squares, OLS) 및 부분최소제곱(Partial Least Squares, PLS) 회귀모형을 이용하여 유의적인 추정(P<0.05)이 가능하였다. 지위추정 회귀모형의 수정 결정계수(adjusted R²)는 입지 및 토양단면 속성변수의 회귀모형(A층: R²=0.29; B: R²=0.32)이, 토양 물리·화학적특성의 속성변수(A층: R²=0.09; B층: R²=0.21)보다 높게 나타났다. 한편, PLS 회귀모형(R²=0.20~0.32)은 OLS 회귀모형(R²=0.09~0.31)에 비해 지위지수 추정식의 설명력이 높았다. 본 연구로부터 신갈나무 임분의 입지 및 토양 특성을 이용한 지위 추정 회귀 모형이 개발되었으나, 결정계수 값이 낮아 회귀모형의 설명력을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 변수 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2021

Background: Artificial light at night has recently been identified as a major factor adversely affecting global insect diversity. Here, we compared the insect diversity in Gwangneung Forest Biosphere Reserve, specifically in the Korea National Arboretum (with no artificial light at night), with that of three nearby urban sites with a gradient of artificial light at night (five locations at each site). We analyzed the effects of the artificial night lighting index, mean annual temperature, and field light intensity (lux) at night on the insect community structure. Results: The urban sites generally exhibited higher species richness and abundance as well as clear indicator species compared with the control site. The size distribution of the collected insects markedly differed between the control and the three urban sites. The abundance of herbivorous and omnivorous insects increased and decreased, respectively, with the increase in light intensity. Species richness of herbivorous and omnivorous insects was likely correlated with the field light intensity at night and artificial night lighting index, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the association between nighttime environment and marked changes in insect community structure and revealed consequent transition of ecosystem services by changes in trophic group composition.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권6_3호
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• pp.1187-1196
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• 2017

오늘날 생태계가 인간에게 제공하는 기능과 서비스의 가치를 측정하고자 하는 노력이 지속적으로 이어지고 있으나, 지금까지 수행된 연구들의 대다수는 Landsat이나 MODIS와 같은 중저해상도의 위성영상을 활용해 왔다. 최근 들어 가용할 수 있는 고해상도 위성영상이 많아지는 데 비해 고해상도 영상을 활용한 생태계서비스 가치 추정 연구는 많이 이루어지지 않은 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 생태계서비스 가치를 좀 더 정밀하게 분석하고자 최근 들어 가장 많은 변화가 발생하였던 세종시 지역에 대한 고해상도 KOMPSAT-3 영상을 활용하여 화소 및 객체기반 분류를 수행한 후, 생태계서비스 가치 추정 결과를 비교하였다. 화소 및 객체기반 토지피복분류 결과, 화소기반 분류에서 산림과 초지는 상대적으로 과소평가되고 농경지와 시가지는 과대평가되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 나지의 경우에는 화소기반 분류 결과에서는 증가하였고 객체기반 분류 결과에서는 감소하여 상반된 결과를 보였다. 이러한 토지피복 분류 결과를 토대로 연구지역 전체의 생태계서비스 가치를 추정한 결과, 2014년 기준 연간 약 818만(화소기반 결과) 달러와 863만(객체기반 결과) 달러에서 2016년에는 약 780만(화소기반 결과) 달러와 862만(객체기반 결과) 달러로 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 지역적 차원에서의 지속가능한 도시 개발 및 삶의 질 향상을 위한 정책 등을 수립하는 데 기초 자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2022

We investigate how reforestation contributed to stabilization of riverine water levels in South Korea. For the purpose, we estimate an equation capturing dynamic relationships among rainfall, upstream-area tree stock, and downstream water levels in three river systems of Hongcheon, Mangyeong, and Hyeongsan, using daily observations of precipitation and water levels for the period from 1985 to 2005. Simulation based on estimation results shows that increase in the tree stock in a river basin leads to a significantly suppressed peaking in riverine water levels in response to an abrupt and concentrated rain in the upstream area. For instance, an hour-long concentration of 100mm rain results in 0.7m rise in water level if the volume of growing stock is 1 million m³, whereas the rise in water level stays below 0.27m with 5 million m³ in the growing-stock volume.