• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2010

Abies holophylla Maxim. is a shade tolerant species that has potential to be used for continuous cover forestry system. Stand structure and natural regeneration of A. holophylla stands in Yong-In area located in the central part of Korea was investigated to estimate the self sustainability of A. holophylla plantation. Species composition, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height distribution of trees larger than 2 cm DBH were measured in ten stands in three study sites of Jeongsu-ri, Daedae-ri, and Hodong. Species and coverage of shrub layer, and A. holophylla seedlings were also investigated. While A. holophylla in non-managed stands (Jengsuri and Daedae-ri study sites) had the importance value of 40% and showed continuous diameter and age distribution, A. holophylla in Hodong site had narrow bell-shaped DBH distribution mostly concentrating between 25-35 cm DBH classes, and single canopy structure. Abies holophylla stands in Hodong have experienced occasional thinning and selective cutting. The correlation coefficient between age-DBH was significant but low ($R^2$=0.2, P=0.03), and similar aged A. holophylla had diverse DBH values. Continuos DBH distribution and multi-canopy structure of A. holophylla stands in Jeongsu-ri site show that natural regeneration of A. holophylla has been continuously occurred in this area. Seedling density of A. holophylla was between 2000 and 33000/ha, however, the number of trees in 2-5 cm DBH class was only 40-150 trees/ha, implying that the survival rate of seedlings is not high. Continuous natural regeneration and 0.6 cm/year of diameter growth rate of A. holophylla indicate that this area could be an appropriate habitat for this species, and A. holophylla plantation in this region seem to persist suggesting the possibility of managing the stands for continuous cover forestry system as well as selective harvesting practices.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2019

This study analyzed the relationship of land cover type, urban temperature in Gimhae city, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Date were used for land cover map, MODIS LST, and detailed temperature data on the Korean Peninsula based on RCP between 2000 and 2010. The correlation between urban area and surface temperature was 0.417, 0.512 for agricultural area and -0.607 for forest area. The correlation between surface temperature and air temperature was 0.301. The relationship with air temperature was analyzed as 0.275 for urban area, agriculture area 0.226, forest area 0.350. Urban and agricultural areas showed increased surface and air temperature as the area increased, while forest areas showed opposite improvements. In structural equation models, urban and agricultural areas had direct effects on the rise of surface temperature, whle forest areas had direct effects on the reduction of air temperature. In the future, it is necessary to use measured temperature data near the surface to understand the relationship between surface temperature and temperature according to the changes in spatial characteristics, which will prepare measures for urban heat island mitigation at the level of urban and environmental planning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.41-52
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to analyze the succession characteristics of the slope of expressways and the results of analysis by collecting and analyzing various literatures and data from 2011 to 2012 and surveying 75 expressway slope, as follows : The construction methods applied to planting the slope of an expressway can be classified into 4 types including 3 Climber planting methods, 8 Vegetation thick-layer spray work methods, 4 Seed spray work methods, and 4 Stabilization work methods. The factors which affect the cover degree of the slope of an expressway were found to be development years, gradient, length, and azimuth. Like surrounding forest areas, the expressway slope was analyzed to begin the plant succession 20, 30, and 40 years after development, and plant succession was developed in diversity in a mixed stand forest according to surrounding forest floors. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, and the evenness of slope facing north were analyzed to be high comparing to those facing east, west, and south according to azimuth of slope. Species diversity, maximum species diversity, evenness of slope, and the plant succession of surroundings were analyzed to be high when the gradient of the slope was less than $40^{\circ}$. The dominant species which success on the slope of an expressway and its surrounding forest area included Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Zoysia japonica, Pinus thunbergii Parl, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Amorpha fruticosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, and Oenothera biennis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ($\bar{H}$), $Nha^{-1}$, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and ${\beta}$-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 $m^2ha^{-1}$ and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. ${\beta}$-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, $\bar{H}$, $Nha^{-1}$ and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Species diversity is one of the most important specifications of biological societies. Diversity of organisms, measurement of variety and examination of those hypotheses that are about reasons of diversity are such as affairs that have been desired by the ecologists for a long time. In this research, diversity of plant species in forest region, numbers of 60 sample plots in 256.00 square meters have been considered in random - systematic inventory was considered. In each sample plot, four micro-plots in 2.25 square meters in order to study on herbal cover, were executed that totally 240 micro-plots were considered. At each plot six diversity indices in relation to physiographic factors (slope, geographical aspect and altitude from the sea level) were studied. The results indicate that species diversity is more in the northern direction and also species diversity in slops less than 30% has the most amounts. Factor of altitude from the sea level did not have meaningful relation with species diversity. Through study on correlation of the numbers of species in sample plots with indices and also process and role of indices in different processors of analysis, Simpson's reciprocal index was suggested as suitable index in this type of studies.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 2000

Using monthly AVHRR-NDVI composite images, global vector data and statistical information, land cover change patterns in Asia during the major growing season (June, July and August) were analyzed for each country. Specifically, explanations on NDVI changes were developed at a regional scale emphasizing human impacts on ground vegetation. The annual mean change in each country showed NDVI-gain trends in high latitude areas and some parts of eastern China and northern/western India. On the contrary, NDVI-loss trends were distinctive in Japan, Korea, some parts of southeastern China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and some parts in southwestern/eastern India. These patterns largely coincided with socio-economic information reflected by human behavior. The NDVI change trends showed significant correlation with forest area changes. Also, a multiple regression model showed that the NDVI change patterns were significantly dependent on the changes in forest area and total population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.30 no.6_1
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• pp.583-590
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• 2012

This study proposes fusion image matching method according to land cover property to generate a detailed DEM using the high resolution IKONOS-2 stereo pair. A classified image, consists of building, crop-land, forest, road and shadow-water, is produced by color image with four bands. Edges and points are also extracted from panchromatic image. Matching is performed by the cross-correlation computing after five classes are automatically selected in a reference image. In each of building class, crop-land class, forest class and road class, matching was performed by the grid and edge, only grid, only grid, grid and point, respectively. Shadow-water class was excepted in the matching because this area causes excessive error of the DEM. As the results, edge line, building and residential area could be expressed more dense than DEM by the conventional method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 2010

Recently, developed countries have continuously been trying to recognize many issues about heat island in urban area and to make up countermeasures for them. This research is designed to extract change of land cover in the area under condition of land development with satellite images and to analyze its effect on the heat change in there. Heat change upon change of land cover in daejeon was analyzed with the four Landsat satellite images taken in April 1985, August 1994, May 2001, and May 2009. In order to measure the temperature on the surface in the city, the land surface temperature was produced with Landsat TM Band 6. Heat change is to detected with it. As a result, The urban area has been increased up to 23.59 percent. On the other hand, the forest area has been decreased up to 27.91%. Due to the urbanization, the temperature on the surface in urban center was higher than surrounding area. In that case, the temperature of urban center area was higher 2.4 to $5.7^{\circ}C$ compared with the forest area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2002

This study quantified $CO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ uptake by vegetation in Seoul. The natural area was only 20% of the area of Seoul and its tree-age structure was dominated by a young and growing tree population. However the natural area accounted for about 65%, 60%, and 59% of total $CO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ uptake relatively. In natural area broad-leaved forest was dominative and accounted for about 37.8%, 36.7%, 36.6% of total $CO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ uptake in Seoul relatively. In urbanized area the park type land use played an important role. It's area was only 17% of the urbanized area in Seoul, but it accounted for about 67%, 57%, and 56% of $CO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ uptake in urbanized area relatively. Total annual uptake by vegetative cover was estimated as 446,741 ton/yr for $CO_2$, 314 ton/yr for $SO_2$ and 815 ton/yr for $NO_2$, and economic value of atmospheric purification for the entire area of Seoul amounted to approximately \228,073 millions/yr for the annual $CO_2$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ uptake. The results from this study are expected to be useful not merely in informing the public of atmospheric purification values of vegetative cover, but in urging the necessity for replanting and management budgets.