• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

Italian ryegrass is generally cultivated by a winter forage in a paddy field, the harvest season overlaps with rice transplantion in some cases. In addition, farmers can miss the optimal seedtime for Italian ryegrass because of the rainy season. Therefore, this research was conducted between October 2012 and June 2013 in Kwangjin, Korea to examine the effect of spring-seeding on the yields and quality of Italian ryegrass for the determination of an alternative if the optimal seedtime is missed. This trial consists of four different seeding dates (15 February, 25 February, 5 March, and 15 March) and three varieties (Kowinmaster, Kowinearly, and Green farm). The Italian ryegrass varieties "Kowinmaster," "Kowinearly," and "Green farm" were sown on February 15. The heading date of each variety showed from May 12 to May 9 and interval time of five days but the Treatment of March 15 planting date showed three days interval. The Kowinmaster variety, planted on February 15, was 93.0 cm taller on March 15 with a height of 105.7 cm. The Kowinearly and Green farm varieties planted on February 15 were of a similar height on February 25 and received a poor lodging score when planted quickly. The dry matter (DM) yield of the Kowinearly planted on February 15 was high but that of Green farm was low at 6,609 kg/ha and a difference was not shown between the varieties. The DM yield was different for those varieties planted on February 15 and March 15 (P<0.05). The crude protein content (CPC) of those varieties planted on February 15 showed an average of 8.8%, while those that were planted on March 15 showed an average that was about 2.3% higher at 11.1%; furthermore, the latter also showed lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents, by 2.1% and 1.5%, respectively. The relative feed value was about 5.9% higher, depending on the seeding date, as well as being slower and showing less difference between the varieties. According to this study, Italian ryegrass planted in a paddy field of the southern region of Korea on February 25 will produce a high-quantity yield with nutritive value.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity of induced annual legumes at paddy field of Cheonan and Naju from 2004 to 2006. Chinese milk vetch (wild type), crimson clover (C.V. Linkarus), forage pea (C.V. Austrian pea), hairy vetch (C.V. Oregon commen) were used in this study. At the Naju region, the earliest flowering on 2nd may was found in Chinese milk vetch, while the latest on 18th May in forage pea. Fresh, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields of crimson clover were highest as 28,870, 6,986 and 943 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch was low by 9,885, 1,749 and 338 kg/ha. At the Cheonan region, the most fast flowering date variety was Chinese milk vetch, hairy vetch was very late as 19th May. Fresh, DM and CP yields of hairy vetch were highest as 7,916, 1,141 and 113 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch showed the lowest by 270, 42 and 8 kg/ha. The CP content of annual legumes was 14.3%. chinese milk vetch showed the highest CP content by 19.3% and hairy vetch showed the lowest content by 9.9%. The present data showed that the productivity was closely dependent on winter hardness, in conclusion, crimson clover at Naju and hairy vetch at Cheonan region was suggested to be the most proper species as winter crop after rice harvest on paddy field when considered the winter hardiness.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2017

'Saeyoung', a winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) for forage, was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. The cultivar 'Saeyoung' has narrow and long leaves of light green color, middle size and thin culm, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date and yellow ripe stage of 'Saeyoung' was May 3 and May 27, which were similar to check cultivar 'Shinyoung', respectively. 'Saeyoung' showed a little stronger in cold tolerance and a little weaker in resistance to lodging than the check, and wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust were similar to those of the check cultivar. The forage fresh and dry matter yields of 'Saeyoung' at milk-ripe stages were 47.2 and $15.6MT\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which was 9% and 4% higher than those of the check. The crude protein content of 'Saeyoung' was 0.4% lower than 6.8% of the check, while was higher than the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber. Total digestible nutrients of 'Saeyoung' was also 3% lower than 62.8% of the check cultivar. It showed grain yield of $4.1MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 11% higher than that of the check. 'Saeyoung' is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of whole crop silage wheat utilizing the paddy fields during a couple of years from 2019 to 2021 in Suwon, Korea. This investigation was used the two maturity types of wheat cultivar 'Cheongwoo' (early) and 'Taeu' (late). The heading date of 2^nd year (Oct. 2020 to May. 2021) cultivation was delayed about 11 to 13 days by more than 1^st year (Oct. 2019 to May. 2020). The growth characteristics were shown that the plant height was increased in 2^nd cultivation, while the number of culms and the panicle part ratio were decreased. Moreover, the nutritive value of 'Cheongwoo' and 'Taeu' were also decreased in 2^nd cultivation. These changes have thought to a difference of the precipitation by cultivation years. Because, the precipitation during the period from the end of winter dormancy to the harvesting stage in 2^nd (337 mm) cultivation was more about twice than 1st (169.3 mm) cultivation. However, the dry matter yield of 'Cheongwoo' was not shown a statistical difference by cultivation years, while 'Taeu' was shown to decrease tendency. The total dry matter yield regardless of the cultivation years were higher in 'Cheongwoo' than 'Taeu', and especially 'Cheongwoo' was more 3 tons per hectare (15.3 t/ha) than 'Taeu' (12.6 t/ha) at 2^nd cultivation (p<0.01). The trend of dry weight in 'Cheongwoo', early mature type, showed a relatively high ratio of dry matter (p<0.05) was considered that due to a high panicle ratio by a fast heading and an adequate weight of panicles by a sufficient maturing. In conclusion, selecting the early maturity cultivars could achieve a higher and more stable total dry matter yield considering the cropping system in the central region. Furthermore, it also has the advantage of being able to double-cropping system with forage rice, which has considered the maximum whole-crop forage production year-round. These results suggest that the 'Cheongwoo' be optimum cultivar to produce the year-round forage on paddy fields in the central region.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Newly reclaimed land has poor soil environment for crop growth since it is high in salt concentration but low in organic content compared with ordinary soil. It is known that whole-crop-barley can grow better in the soil of relatively high salt concentration than other crops but, the growth is poor at the concentration if higher than certain amount and it is a difficulty to secure productivity. Hence, the level of soil salt concentration suitable for the production of bulky feed in newly reclaimed land has been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: At Saemanguem reclaimed land, the land for the soil salt concentration electrical conductivity (EC) 0.8, 3.1, 6.5, 11.0 dS/m was selected; and chemical fertilizer $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (150-100-100kg/ha) was tested; and forage barley 220kg/ha were sown. The soil salt concentration during the cultivation period decreased in the order of harvest season>earing season>sowing season>wintering season, and the salt concentration in harvest season is 1.4-4.2 times higher than that of the sowing season. The higher the salt concentration, the poorer the over ground growth due to poor rooting; especially at EC 11.0 ds/m there was emergence but, it blighted after wintering. The Yield from the soil salt concentration 3.1dS/m and 6.5 dS/m was 68% and 35% from that of the soil salt concentration 0.8 dS/m (8.8 MT/ha) respectively. The proline content in early life stage was more than that of the harvest season, and it increased with salt concentration. The higher salt concentration, the more $Na_2O$ and MgO content in harvest season; but the higher the salt concentration, the less the content of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ and CaO. CONCLUSION(S): When the soil salt concentration becomes higher than 3.1 dS/m, the yield becomes poor because there is serious growth inhibition of forage barley both in root part and above aerial part that results in unbalanced absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it is recommended that the salt concentration should be lowered below 3.1 dS/m by underground drainage facilities or irrigating water for the stable production of whole-crop-barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study on the evaluation of fermentation ability of microbes for whole crop rice silage Inoculant at National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2004 to 2005. We collected 28 strains of microbes from whole crop rice silage. According to acidity and growth ability, 5 strains of microbes was isolated (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1). The cultures of 4 strains were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2 and R10-1) and one was identified to be Lactobacillus pentosus (R12-1). Whole crop rice was harvested at the yellow ripen stage. It was ensiled in experimental silos (20ℓ capacity) with or without microbial additives (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1 and three commercial inoculant) and stored at room temperature for 60d. The pH value and acetic acid content of additivetreated silages were lower and lactic acid content was higher than those of the control (p<0.05). There was a trend for acetic acid content to be lowest and lactic acid to be highest in R7-1 treated silage. Crude protein (CP) contents of R7-2 treated silage was higher and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of R7-1 treated silage was lower (p<0.05). Although some strains of inoculant could improve silage quality, L. plantarum R7-1 was more effective as an inoculant for whole crop rice silage. This microbe was named NLRI 401 and registered in the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2012

Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) cause severe diseases in winter barley in Europe and East Asia. We investigated the effect of different level of resistance to virus disease on the plant growth and yield in whole-crop barley. In the virus infection, BaYMV was detected all tested cultivars in first diagnosis at 30th March. BaYMV infection was identified only in the susceptible Sunwoobori in 6th April, but not in the Yuyeon (moderate, M) and Youngyang (moderate resistant, MR) cultivars. Plant height was restrained about 14.6~32.9% in overwintered plant regeneration stage depending on the resistance of each cultivar. The tiller numbers also reduced to 8.7~19.7% by BaYMV infection in overwintering season. We evaluated culm length, spike length, and spike number in the virus-infected field and non-infected field. For the culm length, Youngyang (MR) reduced only 14.5% by BaYMV. However Sunwoo (susceptible, S) and Yuyeon (M) cultivars were decreased to 24.8~42.7%. The spike length and spike number also affected to 8.9~21.3% and 24.3~31.0%, respectively, depending on the resistance. After harvesting, dry-matter yield of whole crop yield reduced by approximately 21.6~58.0% according to cultivar resistant degrees. For example, Sunwoobori (S) decreased 58.0% in comparing to non-infected field. The grain yield was also significantly reduced in virus infected cultivars. Sunwoobori (S) was severely decrease more than 60.0%. Yuyeonbori (M) and Youngyangbori (MR) also decreased 30.0~47.5% by the viral infection comparing to those in the non-infected field.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $8^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ of 2015 after wintering of IRG were $8.8^{\circ}C$, 10.7 m/s and $12.4^{\circ}C$, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $12^{th}$, $13^{th}$, and $14^{th}$ of 2015 were $4.1^{\circ}C$, 11.6 m/s, $-5.6^{\circ}C$, 10.3 m/s, and $-4.7^{\circ}C$, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $26^{th}$, $27^{th}$, and $28^{th}$ of 2015 were $1.8^{\circ}C$, 13.7 m/s, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, 10.6 m/s, and $4.1^{\circ}C$, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. $3^{rd}$ of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. $4^{th}$ to Mar. $12^{th}$ of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding fermented agro-industrial by-products on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of fattening black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of 6 animals for a 30 days feeding trial on growth performance and 12 black goats on nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by latin-square design, control (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (offered fermentation feed and rice straw). Average daily gain (ADG) showed a significant high in control group, T3 was lower than other groups (p<0.05). DM and OM intake (kg/head) were 718.8, 680.9 g and 634.2~699.2 g, 602.8~660.4 g for control and treatment groups, respectively. As increasing of rice bran content was decreased feed intake. Digestibility of DM and OM for control group were significantly higher than treatment groups (p<0.05), and T3 treatment group with 30% rice bran was the lowest among treatment groups. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in control and T1 groups. Thus, these results showed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between fermentation feeds with agricultural by-products and commercial feeds. However, this study was suggested that it must contain less than 5.0% crude fat because of feed efficient was decreased by increasing of rice bran content.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

We developed a new barley cultivar "Dami" (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the auricleless gene lig (al, li, aur-a). The characteristic of auricleless is a spontaneous mutant type which has known as a monogenic recessive gene. The plant with the gene has erect leaf blades because of no auricle. The cultivar was derived from a cross between 'BGS60' and 'Kangbori'. 'BGS60' has the auricleless gene (li), while 'Kangbori' showed a high biomass with winter hardiness and resistance to BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus). Subsequent generations were handled by the bulk method in a pedigree selection program. A promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials at Iksan in 2003 to 2004, and designated as Iksan414. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in the seven locations around Korea for three years from 2005 to 2007 and was designated as "Dami" and released. It has the growth habit of III, erect plant type, green leaf and stem similar to the check cultivar 'Sunwoo' Its heading date was April 30, and maturing date May 31 in paddy field conditions, which were similar to those of 'Sunwoo' respectively. The cultivar Dami was 97 cm in culm length, had 643 spikes per $m^2$ and higher leaf dry weight, and better adaptability to dense planting, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than the check cultivar did. The average forage yield of "Dami" was about 12 ton $ha^{-1}$ in dry matter (33 ton $ha^{-1}$ in fresh matter) in paddy field. "Dami" also showed 7.5% of crude protein content, 28.5% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 50.1% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 66.4% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area where the daily minimum temperature of January is above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.