• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2005.08a
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• pp.156-157
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.166-169
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• 1997

The fresh food waste compost, which was composted in a small bin for average one month, was cured in a pile in the field for seven months. The pile was turned once a month. The various components of the compost were investigated for the curing period. The maximun temperature rised to $65^{\circ}C$ after curing of four months. The moisture content of the compost droped to 61.7% after twelve months. After that, the rainfall affected very much the moisture content of the compost. pH of the compost increased gradually to 8.92 for curing. Ash content rised continually to 60.5% for curing. However, it did not exceed 25% ash content, which is the by-product limit value. The accumulation of the inorganic components occured and most of the heavy matals except for Cd generally were accumulated as curing proceeded.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.233-237
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• 1998

Mineralization of organic N is an important factor in determining the appropriate rate for organic waste application to cropland. The mineralization of organic N was examined using sandy soil amended with three kind of compost (municipal solid waste+biosolid, yard trimmings, yard trimmings+biosolid), respectively. During the 12-week incubation, the mineralization of organic N was determined by analyzing the inorganic N in leachates from unamended and amended soils. Soils amended with com posts made of biosolid had higher initial $NH_4-N$ concentration than unamended soil. Soil amended with compost made of yard trimmings only had slightly lower initial inorganic N concentration than unamended soil. In the soil amended with com post made of yard trimmings+biosolid, however, nitrification rate was enhanced in the first week of incubation. Net N mineralization and nitrification were positive in all treatments. Although the greatest net N mineralization occurred in the soil amended with compost made of yard trimmings+biosolid, the greatest net mineralization and nitrification rates occurred in unamended soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

This research is to explore food waste management across local governments. In particular, pubic administration on food waste, food waste management (from generation to disposal) and civil complaints in jurisdiction are examined. In doing so, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among civil officers in charge of food waste management, and all the collected responses were statistically analyzed. The main results were as follows: public spending on food waste management was a little larger in metropolises than in provincial cities, and the largest food waste source was identified as households (in housing). While regular collection of food waste by trucks was the most common transport method adopted by local governments, resource recovery for compost/fertilizer production was widely used. Also, most of the respondents agreed that the current approach to food waste handling practices are necessarily replaced with more advanced technology converting waste into energy or fuel. Further, it's found that the civil complaints on food waste management were largely categorized into 3 groups - food waste handling, civil service and food waste retrieval. Therefore, the findings indicate that the development and application of no-food waste or waste-to-resource systems are effective in housing estates where large amount of food waste is generated and eliminated.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 1999

This studies were conducted to evaluate efficiency of microbial inoculator for active composting of food wastes. The Microbial inoculators used in this studies were purchased from different comparise to evaluate their effectiveness for composting of food waste in Korea. The number of bacteria growing at $30^{\circ}C$ in commercial inoculator collected were below $91.0{\times}10^8\;CFU/g$ which were counted from well cured compost made by animal manure. The number of bacteria in commercial microbial inoculator, such as FL, VP, B9, CM and GE were higher than that of composted at $50^{\circ}C$ or $60^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature. Fungi were counted in GR, VP and B9 as over $10^3CFU/g$ at $30^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature, while fungi of all the commercial inoculator collected could not grown at $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$. Actinomycetes in most of the these had higher number($10^5CFU/g$) than that of compost : however, it was not detected at $60^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature from all the samples collected. The amount of carbon dioxid production was order to VP>HU>B9>GE>CM>Control>Compost in the lab scale composting test with or without inoculation of commercial inoculators, however, but the difference in carbon dioxide production was similar among each treatments. The effect of inoculation on composting parmeter such as pH changes, temperature increasing and change of chemicals properties were a little among each treatments, with or without inoculation of commercial inoculator in active composting of food waste. Using commercial inoculator did not show any statistical difference in food waste composting process under various condition such as pH changes, temperature changes, etc.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.375-380
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• 2020

The high intrinsic water content and salinity of food waste prevent a smooth composting process and consequently cause social, economic and environmental problems. In this study, we investigated the distribution of the water content and salinity in food wastes to obtain useful primary data to ensure adequate and quality recycling. A total of 300 food waste (FW) samples were collected from residential apartments (home generated FW), a wide range of restaurants, i.e., restaurant generated FW that included Korean, Chinese, Japanese and western FWs, and several places that included food waste processing facilities (dehydrated FW cakes). The collected food wastes were oven dried for 48 hours at 80℃ after which the water and salinity contents were analyzed. The results show that the average water content of the FWs was 72.45 ± 10.51%, and the average salinity content was 2.03 ± 0.57%. Furthermore, the salinity of the collected FWs was characterized by where the FW was generated. By location, the salinity concentration of home generated FW was 2.30% while western food had the lowest salinity concentration of 1.18%. However, dehydrated cakes had the highest salinity concentration of 2.84%. Especially, the distribution of the salinity content in food wastes can form the basis for improving the compost quality in food waste recycling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2007

To determine the influence of food waste compost (FWC) application on paddy soil, FWC was applied to the paddy soil and then compared with farmer's practice as to the effects on rice and soil environment. Initially, pig manure compost (PMC) had high content of phosphorus ($15g\;kg^{-1}$) and potassium ($23g\;kg^{-1}$), while FWC had high content of total nitrogen ($13g\;kg^{-1}$) and salinity ($18.5g\;kg^{-1}$). Comparison was also made between chemical fertilizer and FWC use as a trial in the paddy field under the clay loam and sandy loam soil. In the panicle formation stage, chemical fertilizer application was proper in clay loam while PMC application was proper in sandy loam. However, chemical fertilizer produced higher yield compared to compost treatment, both on clay loam and sandy loam with 20~25% and 17~19%, respectively. The lower yield in sandy loam maybe due to slow mineralization of compost such that the crop did not effectively use it. Organic matter content in paddy soil after experiment was higher in FWC and PMC plots compared to that in chemical fertilizer plots. But the other soil properties were comparable. Therefore, the FWC compost had little effect on soil when it use as a trial in paddy field. Likewise, after the application of FWC as a trial, analysis of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the surface water and 60 cm depth of paddy soil water nine days after planting was done. Results revealed that concentration of ammonium nitrogen was similar to irrigation water while nitrate nitrogen concentration was not detected, and hence did not contribute to water pollution. It is concluded that the application of FWC in the paddy field had not affected on environmental pollution in the paddy field. But its use as compost during rice culture reduced yield quantity. Such study should include selection of compost material, amount and method of compost application.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.7-30
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• 1998

Generation and recycling potential of organic waste in Korea were estimated. Status of organic waste composting and compost utilization also were surveyed to promote the recycling of organic waste. From 1994 to 1997, generation of garbage decreased gradually while recycling rate increased due to positive governmental strategy. During the same period, livestock waste increased 11.2%. Municipal wastewater sludge was generated 3,500 ton/day which was 0.03% of wastewater treated in 1996. The energy Potential of industrial organic waste was estimated to 288 million TOE which was 1.75% of the nationwide first energy consumption in 1996. Recycling of industrial sludge was low to 31%, while recycling of animal waste, plant scraps, and wasted paper were relatively high over 50%. Industrial sludge should be recycled more as it was the most part of industrial organic waste. Conventional composting materials were mainly livestock waste, food processing waste, fishery waste, sawdust, and nightsoil. Garbage and sludge have been composted recently. 420,000 tons of compost in 1996 were produced by 288 makers, the most of which were utilized in agriculture. It was suggested that separated collection, compost standard, and quality management should be provided to promote the composting of organic waste.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.160-167
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• 2000

This study was performed to evaluate efficiency of soil microbial inoculator for active composting of food waste. In addition the number of microorganisms in roil microbial inoculator and the effect of seeding in the process of composting were investigated. food waste samples collected from a refectory were analyzed for physical-chemical properties. The samples were adjusted to moisture content of 65% by saw dust and seeded with soil microbial inoculator of 10% by the weight in case of reactor B. The number of microorganisms, aerobic bacteria, actinomyces, yeast, and fungi in soil microbial inoculator were over $2.98{\times}10^9/g$, $3.93{\times}10^7/g$, $1.21{\times} 10^5/g$, and $5.79{\times}10^7/g$, respectively. During the process of composting, the highest temperatures were $63.4^{\circ}C$ at reactor A(unseeded control)after 10 days and $66.8^{\circ}C$ at reactor B(seeded compost) after 4 days. The pH values of reactor A and B rapidly increased after 3 days and after first few days during composting period, respectively. The highest $CO_2$ concentrations were 6.1%(after 10 days) and 10.8%(afer 4 days) in reactor A and B, respectively. The degradation rates of organic matter(rd) between reactor A and B increased by 17.1% and 64.5%, respectively Consequently, the effects of Inoculation on comporting parameter such as temperature increasing, pH change, chemical properties, and the degradation rates of organic matter(rd) were higher in seeded compost than in unseeded control.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Commercial inocula and mature compost were added separately to food wastes in order to compare the inoculating effect on garbage decomposition. Among commercial inocula available in the market, GM (Green Microorganisms) and EM (Effective Microorganisms) were selected as test inocula. Garbage decompostion were evaluated in Volatile Solid (VS) reduction and FDA (Fluorescein DiAcetate) hydrolysis activity. VS reduction with mature compost experiment was higher than that with GM-added one. VS reduction rates were about 32% with mature compost and 27% with GM. When food wastes were treated with GM and EM based on the manufacturer's specifications, GM-added and EM-added food wastes showed only 8% and 9% of VS reduction respectively, which are much lower than those with the mature compost. FDA hydrolysis activity increased during the first 10 days of active composting periods for the composting experiments, while it decreased continuously for the experiments based on manufacturer's specifications.