• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.853-863
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• 2014

This study was carried out to construct a DNA profile database of 100 strawberry cultivars using microsatellite markers. Two hundred seventy four microsatellite primer pairs were screened with a set of 21 strawberry cultivars with different morphological traits. Twenty five primer pairs were selected because they produced reliable and reproducible fingerprints. These primer pairs were used to develop DNA profiles of 100 strawberry cultivars. Three to thirteen alleles were detected by each marker with an average of 7.50. The average polymorphism information content varied from 0.331 to 841 (average 0.706). Cluster analysis showed that the 100 cultivars were divided into 7 major groups reflecting geographic origin and pedigree information. Moreover, most of the cultivars could be discriminated by marker genotypes. These markers will be useful as a tool for the protection of plant breeders' intellectual property rights in addition to providing the means to intervene seed disputes relating to variety authentication.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.408-416
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• 2018

Background: The ginsenosides Rb1 (G-Rb1) and Rg1 (G-Rg1) are used as marker compounds, and are the principal bioactive compounds assessed in the quality control of white ginseng. This study was conducted to analyze white ginseng samples of different and to obtain useful data for the quality control of white ginseng. Methods and Results: The variation in the content of G-Rb1 and G-Rg1 was evaluated among 35 samples of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old white ginseng. The content of both G-Rb1 and G-Rg1 did not significantly differ among ages, and the relative ratio of the maximum to the minimum content of these within ginseng of the same ages was more than two. However, the ratio of G-Rb1 to G-Rg1 content in the 5- and 6-year-old ginseng was significantly higher than that in the 4-year-old one. According to the 'Ginseng industrial act', the standard (w/w, %) minimum $G-Rg_1$ and $G-Rb_1$ content is 0.10% and 0.20% or more, respectively. Among the 35 samples examined, the content of $G-Rg_1$ was found to be 0.124 - 0.399% with none being less than the standard level, while that of $G-Rb_1$, was 0.147 - 0.595%, with 4 samples (11.4%) failing to meet the standard levels. The content of $G-Rg_1$ and $G-Rb_1$ did not show a constant relationship with the size of ginseng. Conclusions: In our study, the content of both G-Rg1 and G-Rb1 varied widely, and there was no significant difference among cultivation ages. The results of the present study might provide useful information for the quality control of raw ginseng and processed white ginseng using marker compound.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2007

We carried out this experiment on the purpose to investigate the quality properties of aseptic-packaged cooked rice by cultivars in 2006. Brown rice was milled for white rice to 89.6% weight of it. Based on cluster analysis of acceptance of sensory evaluation, eleven rice cultivars of 29 cultivars had superior palatability. Whiteness(r=0.42, p<5%), lightness(r=0.39, p<5%), Toyo value(r=0.35, p<10%), and moisture content(r=0.33, p<10%) of milled rice were correlated positively with acceptability. Protein content(r=-0.40, p<5%), expansion rate(r=-0.68, p<1%) and water absorption rate(r=-0.42, p<5%) of milled rice, and yellowness(r=-0.45, p<5%) of aseptic-packaged cooked rice were negatively correlated. In sensory evaluation, correlation coefficients of taste and texture with acceptability were higher than those of appearance and flavor. During storage, hardness and cohesiveness of aseptic-packaged cooked rice before reheating were increased and decreased, but those after reheating had no difference based on storage period and cultivar. On the contrary, whiteness of reheated aseptic-packaged cooked rice with no distinct differences before reheating was decreased during storage. There were no significant differences of texture property, color characteristics and moisture contents by cultivar during storage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

The seeds of Coix lachryma-jobi Linne var. mayuen Stapf. are used as dietary food for obesity and diabetes under the names of Yulmu in Korea and Yiyiren(薏苡仁) in China. It is one of the drugs promoting diuresis to eliminate the wetness-evil from the lower warmer in the traditional Korean medicine. According to ancient textbook of the traditional Korean medicine, it should be applied to patients with phlegm and heat, etc. The establishment of the method for the discrimination of Coisis Semen is very important for the quality control of drugs. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis and anatomical characteristics were used for the discrimination of Coix lachryma-jobi $Linn\acute{e}$ var. mayuen $S_{TAPF}$. and C. lachryma-jobi $Linn\acute{e}$. In the RAPD analysis with 20 primers, 8 primers gave informative and reproducible bands with the genomic DNA. From the cluster analysis, the genus Coix were divided into two groups at similarity coefficient of 0.863.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.444-454
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• 2013

The development of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) provided a useful tool for investigating Korean ginseng genetic diversity. In this study, 18 polymorphic markers (7 RAPD and 11 EST-SSR) selected to assess the genetic diversity in 31 ginseng accessions (11 Korean ginseng cultivars and 20 breeding lines). In RAPD analysis, a total of 53 unique polymorphic bands were obtained from ginseng accessions and number of amplicons ranged from 4 to 11 with a mean of 7.5 bands. Pair-wise genetic similarity coefficient (Nei) among all pairs of ginseng accessions varied from 0.01 to 0.32, with a mean of 0.11. On the basis of the resulting data, the 31 ginseng accessions were grouped into six clusters. As a result of EST-SSR analysis, 11 EST-SSR markers detected polymorphisms among the 31 ginseng accessions and revealed 49 alleles with a mean of 4.45 alleles per primer. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.06 to 0.31, with an average of 0.198. The 31 ginseng accessions were classified into five groups by cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distances. Consequently, the results of ginseng-specific RAPD and EST-SSR markers may prove useful for the evaluation of genetic diversity and discrimination of Korean ginseng cultivars and breeding lines.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 2014

In this study, we attempted to isolate fungi from soybean fermented foods produced in Sunchang County and to identify Aspergillus oryzae from fungal isolates. Ten fungal isolates were identified with ${\beta}$-tubulin gene. According to the sequences of ${\beta}$-tubulin gene, ten fungal isolates were identified as A. oryzae/flavus complex. For further identification of the ten of fungal isolates, omtA gene, one gene of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster, was sequenced and the sequences were compared with those of A. oryzae and A. flavus strains from the GenBank database. In addition, identification of the ten fungal isolates was further confirmed using the PCR amplicon of norB and cypA intergenic region, in which a deletion was recognized relative to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The amplicon size of the ten fungal isolate strains was smaller than those of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, but the same as that of the reference A. oryzae strain. These results indicated that the ten isolates should be identified as A. oryzae. The protease activity in rice koji made with 6, 13, 17, 27, 37 and 38 of strain, respectively was twice higher than that in control. The kojis made with nine of the A. oryzae isolates, respectively, did not produce aflatoxin, suggesting that the strains could possibly be used as starters for soybean products.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.737-750
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• 2015

This study was carried out to construct a DNA profile database for 102 watermelon cultivars through the comparison of polymorphism level and genetic relatedness using genomic microsatellite (gMS) and expressed sequence tag (EST)-microsatellite (eMS) markers. Sixteen gMS and 10 eMS primers showed hyper-variability and were able to represent the genetic variation within 102 watermelon cultivars. With gMS markers, an average of 3.63 alleles per marker were detected with a polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.479, whereas with eMS markers, the average number of alleles per marker was 2.50 and the PIC value was 0.425, indicating that eMS detects a lower polymorphism level compared to gMS. Cluster analysis and Jaccard's genetic distance coefficients using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) based on the gMS, eMS, and combined data sets showed that 102 commercial watermelon cultivars could be categorized into 6 to 8 major groups corresponding to phenotypic traits. Moreover, this method was sufficient to identify 78 out of 102 cultivars. Correlation analysis with Mantel tests for those clusters using 3 data sets showed high correlation ($r{\geq}0.80$). Therefore, the microsatellite markers used in this study may serve as a useful tool for germplasm evaluation, genetic purity assessment, and fingerprinting of watermelon cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.357-369
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• 2018

The Korean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been receiving increased attention as a functional food. The objective of this study was to reveal the phytochemicals genetic variation and antioxidant activity of 209 Korean common bean landraces. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay. Antioxidant activities among common bean accessions showed wide variation. Four flavonoids (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and naringenin) of the 209 Korean common bean landraces were measured using HPLC. Among them, kaempferol had the highest phytochemicals compared to the other three flavonoids. Using the relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI), it was found out that the IT104587 had the highest antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, in clustering analysis, the Korean common bean landraces were classified into three clusters. Among them, cluster II contained 64 landraces with higher antioxidant activities and phytochemicals than the other clusters, except DPPH. The results could provide information on the valuable Korean common bean landraces for the development of new common bean varieties.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2022

The composition of crops reveal natural variation according to genetic characteristics and environmental factors such as the cultivated regions. For comparative investigation of the impact of genetic difference and environmental influence on the levels of bioactive components in rice seeds, 23 cultivars including indica, japonica, and tongil rice were grown in two location in Korea (Jeonju and Cheonan) for two years (2015 and 2016). Sixteen compounds consisting of tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and policosanols were identified from 368 rice samples and the compositional data were subjected to data mining processes including principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis. Under 4 different environmental conditions (Jeonju in 2015, Cheonan in 2015, Jeonju in 2016, Cheonan in 2016), the natural variability of rice seeds showed that the genetic background (indica vs japonica vs tongil) had more impact on the compositional changes of bioactive components compared to the environments. Especially, the results of correlation analysis revealed negative correlation between α-, β-tocopherols and γ-, δ-tocopherols as a representative genetic effect that did not changed by the environmental influence.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2023

Although glutathione (GSH) has been shown to play an important role in the prevention of oxidative damage as an antioxidant, studies on immune regulation by it have not been properly conducted. In this study, we investigated whether luthione^®, a reduced GSH, has an immune enhancing effect in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The results of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that luthione increased phagocytic activity, a representative function of macrophages, compared to the control cells. According to the results of the cytokine array, the expression of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-1β, and IL-27 was significantly increased in the luthione-treated cells. Luthione also enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β through increased expression of their proteins, and increased release of the immune mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ was associated with increased expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, the expression of cluster of differentiation 86, an M1 macrophage marker, was dramatically enhanced in RAW 264.7 cells treated with luthione. Furthermore, as a result of heat map analysis, we found that cytokine signaling 1/3-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was involved in the immunomodulatory effect by luthione. In conclusion, our data suggested that luthione could act as a molecular regulator in M1 macrophage polarization and enhance immune capacity by promoting macrophage phagocytic function.