• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2013

Grey mold infection rate in tomato was investigated with the inoculation of dead flowers on Botrytis selective media. The grey mold infection rate of flower after fruiting were higher in the order of after 45 days, after 25 days, and fruiting day with 100%, 87% and 65%, respectively. The number of infected flowers were increased with time increase after the flowering before fruiting. BSM (Botrytis selective medium) was used to check grey mold infection rate depending on the flowering stage and cultivar. Grey mold infection rate depending on the flowering stage was similar in all the beef-tomato cultivar as 1.5~5% at preflowering, 1.5~45% at flowering and 75~90% at fruiting. On the other hand, cherry tomato cultivar "KoKo" had lower infection rates of 0~3.5% at pre-flowering, 10~30% at flowering and 20~50% at fruiting. These resulted from the fact that beaf-tomato cultivar have much bigger flowers and larger amount of pollens compared to those of cherry tomato cultivar. The amounts of falling pollens of Botrytis spp. were checked for beaf-tomato cultivar and cherry tomato cultivar using BSTM. The amounts of falling pollens were increased as growth period was extended, and the amount of spores increased rapidly during the outbreak of grey mold. Twelve field trials in Buyeo and Iksan areas showed that Fluazinam, and Diethofencarb+Carbendazim were effective fungicides to control tomato grey mold, and these results were similar to those of field trials with BSTM. This is the first report of Fluazinam as a effective fungicide for the control of grey mold of tomato even though it has not been registered yet for the control of gray mold in tomato.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 1997

Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum Mill.‘Sunroad’) seedlings grafted onto the four different rootstocks, ‘Anchor-T’, ‘Kagemushia’, ‘Joint’ and ‘Vulcan’, and fed with different amount of nitrogen were investigated for their susceptibility to the root rot Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lycopersici Snyder et Hansen, race J$_3$) disease, plant growth, and fruit quality. The flowering of the first flower cluster was promoted in grafted plants (GP) as compared to non-grafted (NG) ones. The plant height was increased by the grafting, and the growth and stem diameter were enhanced with increased nitrogen levels. Grafted plants were little affected by the Fusarium wilt disease except ‘Anchor-T’rootstock (64.7％ infection). The rate of malformed, underdeveloped, and gray-mold infected fruits were reduced in the grafted plants regardless of the rootstocks. Soluble solid content, sugars, ascorbic acids and organic acids did not show any difference between grafted and non grafted plants, but ascorbic acid tends to be reduced in the high nitrogen treatment. Content of N, Ca and Mg in leaves were greatly increased in the GP grown with high nitrogen level (30kg.㏊$^{-1}$ ).

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

Three strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have been found to cause a lethal disease, referred to as fern leaf syndromes and mild mosaic symptoms in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops grown in Kuwait. CMV strains were detected and identified based on host range, symptomatology, serology, electron microscopy, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. A high degree of viral genomic heterogeneity was detected among CMV strains isolated in Kuwait, with no apparent correlation to symptomatology in tomato host plants. Two different virus satellites of 'CMV associated RNA 5', designated CARNA 5, were detected in two virus strains that caused both lethal disease and mild symptoms, designated CMV-D1 and CMV-S1 respectively. CARNA5 was not detected in the third CMV strain that caused fern leaf syndromes designated CMV-F. All the three isolated strains were serologically indistinguishable from each other and may belong to one serotype according to Ouchterlony gel diffusion tests. These strains transmitted via aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz) in a non-persistent manner. Physical properties of the virus strains were very similar where thermal inactivation test showed that virus withstood heating for 10 min at $70^{/circ}$, dilution end point was $10^{-4}$, and the longevity in vitro at room temperature was less than 5 days for all virus strains. CMV-D1 and CMV-F were the most devastating diseases spreading in both greenhouse and field-grown tomato where aborted flower buds failed on fruit setting due to the viral infection. This is the first report to isolate three different strains of CMV in Kuwait.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2012

Petunia hybrida is commonly used in landscapes and interiors for its attractive flower. Virus-like foliar symptoms, including a mosaic with dark green islands surrounding the veins and chlorosis on the leaf margins, were observed on a petunia plant from Icheon, Gyeonggido, Korea. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was identified in the symptomatic petunia by serological testing for the presence of CMV coat protein (CP) with a direct antibody-sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An agent was mechanically transmitted to indicator plant species including Chenopodium quinoa. Examination of the inoculated plant leaves by RT-PCR analysis and electron microscopy revealed the presence of specifically amplified CP products and spherical virions of approximately 28 nm in diameter, respectively, providing confirmation of a CMV infection. Analysis of CP sequences showed that CMV petunia isolate (CMVYJC) shared 82.5-100% amino acid sequence identity with CPs of representative CMV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of CPs supports that CMV-YJC is a member of CMV subgroup IA (CMV-IA) and has biological properties of CMV-IA on host species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV from P. hybrida in Korea.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.952-958
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• 2007

We isolated many genes induced from pepper cDNA microarray data following their infection with the soybean pustule pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines 8ra. A full-length cDNA clone of the Capsicum annuum ankyrin-repeat domain $C_3H_1$ zinc finger protein (CaKR1) was identified in a chili pepper using the expressed sequence tag (EST) database. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaKR1 showed a significant sequence similarity (46%) to the ankyrin-repeat protein in very diverse family of proteins of Arabidopsis. The gene was induced in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses in the pepper leaves, as well as by an incompatible pathogen, such as salicylic acid (SA) and ethephon. CaKR1 expression was highest in the root and flower, and its expression was induced by treatment with agents such as NaCl and methyl viologen, as well as by cold stresses. These results showed that CaKR1 fusion with soluble, modified green fluorescent protein (smGFP) was localized to the cytosol in Arabidopsis protoplasts, suggesting that CaKR1 might be involved in responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses in pepper plants.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

This study aimed to explore the clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of intraocular cysticercosis due to Taenia solium metacestode infection. Total 8 patients diagnosed with intraocular cysticercosis at the Red Cross Hospital of Yunnan Province, China were examined retrospectively. Patients with clear dioptic media had undergone fundus chromophotography. All patients underwent B ultrasonography of the ocular region (CT) successive scanning of the orbit and cerebral tissues. Parasites were extracted surgically and then examined pathologically. The fundus chromophotography showed a white and condensing scolex package in the vesicle. The B ultrasonic examination showed a vesicle-like echogenic mass in the vitreous chamber, in which the high-level echo spot was the cysticercus scolex. The pathological examinations showed that the vesicle wall exhibited hyaline degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, neuroglial fiber, and glial cell proliferation layers from the inside to the outside. The scolex is round and is composed of the outer tissue (the body wall) and the inner furrow tissue; these tissues migrated together. Primordially differentiated sucking discs were found in one case, but no hooklets were found. The inner scolex tissue was folded like a paper flower. The severity of intraocular disease is closely correlated with the pathophysiological processes of the cysticercus worm. Pathological examination of the intraocular lesions can help to evaluate the course of the disease as well as to provide a scientific basis for effective antiparasitic medication.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Background: Though the biomass of floral vegetation in understory plant communities in a forested ecosystem only accounts for less than 1% of the total biomass of a forest, they contain most of the floral resources of a forest. The diversity of understory honey plants determines visitation rate of pollinators such as honey bee (Apis mellifera) as they provide rich food resources. Since the flower visitation and foraging activity of pollinators lead to the provision of pollination service, it also means the enhancement of plant-pollinator relationship. Therefore, an appropriate management scheme for understory vegetation is essential in order to conserve pollinator population that is decreasing due to habitat destruction and disease infection. This research examined the diversity of understory honey plant and studied how it is related to environmental variables such as (1) canopy density, (2) horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height, (3) slope gradient, and (4) distance from roads. Vegetation survey data of 39 plots of mixed forests in Chuncheon, Korea, were used, and possible management practices for understory vegetation were suggested. Results: This study found that 113 species among 141 species of honey plant of the forests were classified as understory vegetation. Also, the understory honey plant diversity is significantly positively correlated with distance from the nearest road and horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height and negatively correlated with canopy density. Conclusions: The diversity of understory honey plant vegetation is correlated to vegetation structure and human impact. In order to enhance the diversity of understory honey plant, management of density and height of canopy is necessary. This study suggests that improved diversity of canopy cover through thinning of overstory vegetation can increase the diversity of understory honey plant species.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of substrate reuse on the growth and yield of summer paprika in cyclic hydroponics. The test group was divided into a new coco slab, one year reused coco slab two year reused coco slab based on 30% nutrient solution reuse, and was performed from April 18 to November 31, 2016 for 30 weeks. As a result, plant height of early growth was that the 2 year reused slab was longer than the new slab but the final growth period was 56.58 cm shorter. First group flower position was that reused slab was shorter by 2.92 cm than the new slab and the second group flower position was 0.31 cm long. The relative internode length of early growth, when the reused slab was used, the imbalance in the late growth stage was increased compared with the use of the new slab. The number of growth nodes in the 1 and 2 year reused slab was the smallest with 27.4 nodes. However, the number of harvested nodes did not show the difference in the test group, and the ratio of harvested that the 2 year reused slab was the highest at 26.8%. The ratio of unmarketable fruit tended to increase as the growth progressed. Fresh weight was 227.7g for new slab, 219.2g for 2 year reused slab and 21.2g for 1 year reused slab. The dry weight of the new slab increased with the reuse of the slab. It was 17.13g for new slab, 18.26g for 1 year reused, and 19.28g for 2 year reused. The average water content of the entire growth period was smaller as the slab was reused, and the 1 year reused slab was about 20g less than the 2 year reused slab. This trend was steadily occurring throughout the entire growing season. Especially, the reused slab for 1 year was less than 60g after 3 groups compared to other test groups. In conclusion, If will control seriously occurrence of unmarketable fruits by weakening after medium growth in summer-cultivated paprika in EC-based recycling hydroponic cultivation with reused cocopeat substrate, It is not what I have to worry that decrease of the yield and deterioration of the quality due to the change of physical and chemical properties of the slab and the pathogenic bacteria infection.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2005

This study was done to obtain their morphological traits to analyse genetic diversity and intraspecific relationship of 47 Polygonatum species collected from Gyeongnam province. Plant height was the highest in P. thunbergii but the shortest in P. involucratum. Growth habit and its colors were classified to 3 groups, respectively. Leaf shapes were sorted to 5 groups including lanceolate with petiole or none, petiole colors were done to 3 groups including a species having dark green leaves of purple colored margin. Flower shapes were divided as 3 groups of urceolate, tubular and gourd shapes, and its colors were white, greenish white and light green, especially light green in a species with gourd shape. Filament shapes were two types of flatness and cylinder. Peduncle color and bract attached below it showed 4 types, respectively. Fruit shapes were sorted to 3 groups. In 100-fruit weights P. ordoratum var. pluriflorum showed the greatest but P. involucratum did the least. Two species were completely resistant to leaf brightness although 7 species showed less than 7 % infection rates. Rhizome yields ranged from 4.4 g to 94.8 g per plant, showing their significant variation. In correlation analysis between 9 major characters, rhizome yield per plant was positively correlated with plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number, leaf length and width, and rhizome diameter but leaf brightness was negatively done with plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number and length, 100-seed weight, rhizome yield per plan and rhizome diameter.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 2010

This study was carried out to breed a self-compatible variety of Tiger Lily from the seedlings originated from Chinju city, Gyeongsangnam-do. The morphological characteristics, ploidy, and the resistance of seedlings to virus infection were investigated. A progeny test was also conducted to examine whether the propagated progenies had the same characteristics as the mother plant. The self-compatible diploid lily variety developed in this study showed a tall type like native triploid lily, Lilium tigrinum, and bulbils were formed on both lily varieties. The morphological characteristics of the flowers and leaves were not much different between the varieties, while the size of the bulbils and bulbs showed significant differences. The percentage of seed generation by self-pollination was 72.6% for the self-compatible variety, while there was no seed generated for native triploid lily. The number of chromosome was 2n = 26 (x = 13, diploid) for the self-compatible variety, while 2n = 39 (x = 13, triploid) in native lily variety. The progenies of the self-compatible diploid lily variety showed the same characteristics as those of its mother plant in morphology, seed germination, and polyploidy. The mother plant of the self-compatible diploid lily variety showed 58% pollen germination and the 2-year-old and 3-year-old progenies showed similar germination percentages. The pollen grains of Korean native triploid lily, however, never germinated.