• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.185-189
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• 2000

카사바 (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv. MCol 22)의 마디 절편을 MS 기본배지에 3종류의 사이토키닌을 여러 농도로 첨가한 조건에서 2주동안 현탁배양한 결과, 고체배지에서 3주 배양된 것보다 훨씬 생장이 효과적이었다. 현탁배양된 유식물에서는 과수화현상이 나타났으나, 이들을 세사 (마사토 + 1/2농도의 크놉씨액)를 담은 유리배양병에 이식하여 생육시킨 결과, 유경에서 새 잎이 신장되면서 과수화를 벗어나 4주후에는 4~6개의 마디를 가진 유경길이 3~5 cm의 정상 유묘로 생장됨으로서, 목본식물인 카사바의 경우 마디절편의 현탁배양에 의한 대량증식의 가능성을 확인했다. 현탁배양시 저농도의 제아틴 (0.01-0.05 mg 1$^{-1}$) 처리는 BAP 최적조건에서 보다 2배나 길게 부정아 길이를 신장시켰다. 사이토키닌 처리로 부정아가 잘 발생된 유식물은 토양이식 작업을 간편하게 했으며, 토양 이식 후 부정근을 활발히 발생시켜 one step culture시스템 배양이 가능하게 했다. 과수화된 유식물은 기외에서 순화가 어려웠으나 유기물이 혼입되지 않은 세사를 담은 유리배양병에서는 비무균조건일지라도 95% 이상 순화될 수 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권4호
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• pp.510-522
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• 1999

대기 오염물질인 $SO_2$, $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$가 분진(粉塵)이나 강우와 함께 지표에 이르러 토양에 흡수 축적되고 중금속은 생활하수 및 음식 쓰레기, 공장 폐기물, 비료, 살충제 및 살균제, 채광활동 등에서 여러 가지 경로인 물질의 순환과정을 통해서 수권(水圈)이나 토양에 축적된다. 대기오염물질인 $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$와 중금속은 식물 필수영양소(Co, Cu, Mo, Mn, Ni, V, Zn)와 인체나 동물에 유독성을 갖는 중금속(Cd, As, Pb, Hg, Cr, Se, Mo, Co) 중에서 Se, Mo, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, V, As, Cu, Ni을 분석대상으로 하였고 이들의 도시에서 오염상태를 알기 위하여 도시지역인 광주 시내에 식재되어 있는 가로수 및 녹지대조성 수종과 대조구로서 광주에서 23km 떨어져 있는 나주시 산포면 산제리 소재 전라남도 산림환경연구소 구내에 생육하고 있는 수종을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석대상 수종은 은행나무, 상수리나무, 개잎갈나무, 양버즘나무, 아까시나무, 오리나무, 메타세쿼이아, 느티나무, 벗나무, 소나무를 대상으로 하여 뿌리 및 잎 그리고 이들이 생육하고 있는 토양에 함유되어 있는 대기오염물질과 중금속의 함량을 분석 측정한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$가 도시지역의 토양이 시외지역 토양보다 높은 함량을 보이고 있으며 $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$이온은 뿌리보다 잎의 함량이 더 높았다. 2. $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$이온의 흡수량이 은행나무, 아까시나무, 느티나무, 상수리나무, 양버즘나무가 많아 도시 가로수나 녹지대 조성수종으로 적합하다고 생각된다. 3. 토양에 중금속의 함유량은 도시지역이나 시외지역에서 Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mo> Cd 순이고, Mn, Zn, Pb, V, Cu는 도시토양이 시외지역 토양보다 많은 양이 검출되었는데 이는 각종 오염원으로부터 오염된 결과로 생각된다. 뿌리와 잎에 함유된 중금속의 함유량도 Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>V>Ni 순으로서 V의 순위가 다를 뿐 토양의 함유량의 크기순서와 같았다. 4. Mn과 Zn은 식물체에 흡수를 서로 방해하는 Antagonism 관계에 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 본 연구에서는 Antagonism을 인정 할 수 없었다. 5. Sn, Mo, Cd, Pb는 도시지역이나 시외지역 토양에 축적되어 있으나 수목에 흡수되지 않아 뿌리나 잎에서 검출되지 않았다. 또 Se, Co와 As는 토양, 잎, 뿌리에서 검출되지 않았다. 6. 도시지역이나 시외지역에서 조사된 10개 수종 중 중금속의 흡수력이 특별히 월등하다고 인정할만한 수종이 없었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

This paper describes the effects of sewage amount, temperature, and years in operation on the infiltration rate of a sewage disposal system. The self-purifying sewage disposal system, which is typically used in rural areas, consists of reeds and fine gravel. Water plants are planted on the gravel bed which provides the habitat for microbes. The basic process is that the gravel bed filters incoming sewage. Thus this system requires the smooth flow of sewage through the gravel. However, the efficiency of the disposal system will be lowered if the gravel bed is clogged with sewage sludge. A three year study shows that infiltration rate slows down significantly until the 7th day, depending on the sewage amount and the temperature. After the 7th day, the infiltration rate remains almost constant. In addition, the infiltration rate decreases as the temperature falls. It also decreases as the number of years in operation increase. But there is no significant change in the infiltration rate after the 7th day, independent of the temperature, the sewage amount, and years in operation. In order to take advantage of high infiltration rate, which improves the efficiency of the disposal system in its early stages, having two gravel beds and using them alternatively will be efficient. This operation method is called intermittent load and makes the disposal system last longer. The water plant roots above the gravel bed make the effective filtration possible because they delay accumulation of the sewage sludge and stabilize the filtration ability.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.103-117
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to clarify the adaptation of beauty of traditional dress depicted contemporary Korean fashion design. For this purpose, the external form and the internal meaning based on 'the double roots' proposed by W$\ddot{o}$lfflin were analyzed in Korean traditional dress. Documentary studies and objective studies were done with descriptive and content analytic methods. And homospatial process was devised in order to develop the traditional identity in contemporary fashion design. The results were as follows: 1. As the external form, H. O. A silhouette, chogori, ch'ima, paji, and po concerning internal type, kaftan, flat form related to structured type were represented. Traditional color sense were love of white, contrasting as well as analogous color harmony shown often in nature phenomena, and temperate achromatic color harmony. Texture were characterized as rough and coarse expressing vividness, fine and smooth expressing delicateness and tenderness. As the internal meaning, the beauty of purity related to nature, tragedy, and symbolism were represented. 2. Since 1980's. Korean fashion designers frequently applied unstructural kaftan form and H silhouette to Korean fashion design, and sought natural and pliable line in whole dress. Use of white and achromatic color harmony as well as use of linnen were prominent. Designers' aesthetic consciousness was pursuit of the beauty of nature. Representative designers who concentrated on expressing traditional beauty were Lee Shinwoo, Sul Yoonhyung, Jin Taiok and others. 3. A homospatial process could be a method in the creative design which enables to express Korean identity in fashion design, and could suggest ideas of new designs full of Korean identity by superimposed and fused imaginery.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to determine whether inoculation with Bacillus licheniformis MH48 as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) could promote nutrient uptake of seedlings of the ornamental plant Camellia japonica in the Saemangeum reclaimed coastal land in Korea. B. licheniformis MH48 inoculation increased total nitrogen and phosphorus content in soils by 2.2 and 20.0 fold, respectively, compared to those without bacterial inoculation. In addition, B. licheniformis MH48 produced auxin, which promoted the formation of lateral roots and root hairs, decreased production of growth-inhibiting ethylene, and alleviated salt stress. Total nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of seedlings subjected to bacterial inoculation was 2.3 and 3.6 fold higher, respectively, than the control. However, B. licheniformis MH48 inoculation had no significant effect on the growth of seedlings. Our results suggest that inoculation with B. licheniformis MH48 can be used as a PGPR bio - enhancer to stimulate fine root development, promote nutrient uptake and alleviate salt stress in ornamental plant seedlings grown in the high-salinity conditions of reclaimed coastal land.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.309-316
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• 1994

To make regional comparisons of water status of pitch pine, the temporal changes of water status in pitch pine were investigated at different areas; urban Seoul (heavily polluted area), surburb of Seoul (lightly polluted area), and rural area (control). The effects of air pollutants, acid rain and chemical properties of soil on water deficit in pitch pine were also investiaged. Water content of needles growing at polluted areas were usually lower than that at unpolluted area. Water saturation deficit of needles growing at polluted areas were usually higher than that at unpolluted area especially in dry season. These results indicated that water in needles growing at polluted areas were usually more deficient than that at unpolluted area, and were more deficient in April than other months. At polluted areas, the older the needles were, the more quickly transpirated the water in the needle was. At unpolluted areas, however, water in old needles was not so quickly transpirated as those at polluted areas. Water potential of needles of pitch pine seedlings treated with simulated acid rain (SAR) of pH 3.5 decreased more quickly than that of needles treated with SAR of pH 5.6. Loss of water through epicuticular layer was greater in the following order: magnesium deficiency＋100 $\mu$M aluminium>100$\mu$M aluminium>magnesium deficiency>control. In addition to Mg deficiency and Al toxicity, growth decline of pitch pine widely occurring in polluated Seoul could to a large extent be due to cuticle degredation and abnormal vertical distribution of fine roots, which lead to water stress, particularly in dry seasons.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.795-803
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• 2014

To withstand ever-changing environmental stresses, plants are equipped with phytohormone-mediated stress resistance mechanisms. Salt stress triggers abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which enhances stress tolerance at the expense of growth. ABA is thought to inhibit the action of growth-promoting hormones, including brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate ABA and BR activity remain to be discovered. We noticed that ABA-treated seedlings exhibited small, round leaves and short roots, a phenotype that is characteristic of the BR signaling mutant, brassinosteroid insensitive1-9 (bri1-9). To identify genes that are antagonistically regulated by ABA and BRs, we examined published Arabidopsis microarray data sets. Of the list of genes identified, those upregulated by ABA but downregulated by BRs were enriched with a BRRE motif in their promoter sequences. After validating the microarray data using quantitative RT-PCR, we focused on RD26, which is induced by salt stress. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RD26pro:GUS revealed that the induction of GUS expression after NaCl treatment was suppressed by co-treatment with BRs, but enhanced by co-treatment with propiconazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor. Similarly, treatment with bikinin, an inhibitor of BIN2 kinase, not only inhibited RD26 expression, but also reduced the survival rate of the plant following exposure to salt stress. Our results suggest that ABA and BRs act antagonistically on their target genes at or after the BIN2 step in BR signaling pathways, and suggest a mechanism by which plants fine-tune their growth, particularly when stress responses and growth compete for resources.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the preventive effect of three forms of Korean ginseng roots (fresh, white and red) against bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity in mouse male germ cells (GC-2spd, TM3, TM4). ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation were measured by DCF-DA (2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate) assay. Also, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, Bax (pro-apoptotic gene) and Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic gene). ROS generation was increased by $50{\mu}M$ BPA, but definitely decreased by treatment with Korean ginseng extracts (fresh, white and red) in mouse male germ cells. In especial, Korean fresh ginseng extract reduced significantly ROS production to normal control. In addition, Korean fresh and white ginseng extracts suppressed the apoptosis of mouse male germ cells by fine-tuning mRNA levels of apoptotic genes changed by BPA. In general, Korean fresh ginseng extract was more effective than white ginseng extract for reducing BPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse male germ cells. Therefore, Korean fresh and white ginseng may help to alleviate biphenol A toxicity in mouse male germ cells.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.357-363
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• 1983

인삼(人蔘)의 근부(根部)(뇌두(腦頭), 표피(表皮), 동체피층(胴體皮層), 동체내층(胴體內層), 지근(支根), 세미(細尾))와 지상부(地上部)(과육(果肉), 종자(種字), 경(莖), 엽(葉))의 부위별(部位別) 지방질의 함량과 그 구성지방산을 조사하였다. 9부위(部位)의 유리지질(遊離脂質)과 결합지질(結合脂質)을 합한 총 지방질 함량은 0.91~3.48%였으나 종자(種子)는 15.08%로 다른 부위(部位)에 비하여 그 함량이 대단히 높았다. gas liquid chromatography에 의하여 14종(種)의 짝수지방산과 4종(種)의 홀수지방산을 분리, 정량하였으며 주된 지방산은 linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid 및 linolenic acid였다. 부위별(部位別) 지방산 조성은 현저한 차이를 나타내고 있었으며 특히 종자(種子)는 부위(部位)들과는 상당한 차이가 있었으며 10종(種)의 지방산만이 동정되었고 oleic acid와 linoleic acid(51.21%와 37.46%)가 다른 부위(部位)들보다 상당히 많았다. 또한 종자(種子), 동체내층(胴體內層) 및 동체피층(胴體皮層)에 함유된 유리지질(遊離脂質)은 다른 부위(部位)의 지방질(脂肪質)에 비하여 불포화 지방산의 함량이 높았다.