• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.272-281
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• 1985

The ginseng extract was investigated for their effects on the fermentation of Kluyveromyces fragilis IFO 0288, and the addition of 0-5.0% of ginseng extract from skim milk media were compared to its effects during suspension culture at $30^{\circ}$ for 168 hours. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The addition of 1.0% and 5.0% ginseng extract were significantly increased pH and acidity compared to control. 2. $CO_2$ evolution was significantly in 1.0% but inhibited in 5.0% ginseng extract 3. Alcohol production was more producted and shortened of fermentation time in 1.0-5.0% than 0-0.5% added groups. 4. The number and growth rates of yeast was shortened inductive phase and lengthened extinctive phase in 1.0-5.0% added groups. 5. Free sugar contained in ginseng extract was not significantly affected by fermentation of yeasts.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2004

When both fructose and galactose were added to a production medium as carbon sources, the productivity of PAFS (Psedomonas Antifungal Substance) biosynthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed to be reduced significantly due to the well-known phenomenon of catabolite repression. In order to overcome this phenomenon by use of fermentation bioprocess, fed-batch cultivation method was examined. In addition, a high producer mutant strain, AP-20 obtained by a rational screening method was tested for its productivity of PAFS in both batch and fed-batch fermentation processes. Notably fed-batch operation showed approximately 4 fold higher PAFS productivity than traditional batch operation process. It was appeared that galactose was utilized principally for the cell growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas large portion of fructose was used for the biosynthesis of PAFS. Furthermore it was observed that composition and feeding rate of production media should be optimized even in the fed-batch fermentation bioprocess. As an example, very slow feeding of carbon sources gave rather negative effect on the production of PAFS due to significant limitation of carbon and energy sources available for the producer microorganism.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 2021

The present study was performed to improve the technique used for fermenting the mushroom growth medium. Taxonomic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence from the predominant Bacillus strain CY-24 isolated during the fermentation phase of the rice straw medium identified it as Bacillus licheniformis. In addition, the growth environment of B. licheniformis was also examined in this study, which revealed the optimal growth temperature and pH to be 30 ℃ and 6.0, respectively. This study also revealed that carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and polygalacturonase (PGase) enzymes isolated from B. licheniformis achieved their maximal activities at 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ respectively. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the two enzymes, i.e., CMCase and PGase in B. licheniformis are stable at temperatures above 60 ℃. The present study thus demonstrates that B. licheniformis CY-24 possesses excellent enzymatic properties. It also reveals that the action of enzymes during the production of growth mediums used for the cultivation of mushrooms is closely associated with the promotion of fermentation and softening of the rice straw. Overall, this study provides elementary information regarding the role of B. licheniformis enzymes during growth medium fermentation for Agaricus bisporus cultivation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1168-1176
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• 2004

Intensive animal industries create large volumes of nutrient rich effluent, which, if untreated, has the potential for substantial environmental degradation. Aquatic plants in aerobic lagoon systems have the potential to achieve inexpensive and efficient remediation of effluent, and to recover valuable nutrients that would otherwise be lost. Members of the family Lemnaceae (duckweeds) are widely used in lagoon systems, but despite their widespread use in the cleansing of sewage, only limited research has been conducted into their growth in highly eutrophic media, and little has been done to systematically distinguish between different types of media. This study examined the growth characteristics of duckweed in abattoir effluent, and explored possible ways of ameliorating the inhibitory factors to growth on this medium. A series of pot trials was conducted to test the tolerance of duckweed to abattoir effluent partially remediated by a sojourn in anaerobic fermentation ponds, both in its unmodified form, and after the addition of acid to manipulate pH, and the addition of bentonite. Unmodified abattoir effluent was highly toxic to duckweed, although duckweed remained viable and grew sub optimally in media with total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of up to 100 mg/l. Duckweed also grew vigorously in effluent diluted 1:4 v/v, containing 56 mg TAN/L and also modified by addition of acid to decrease pH to 7 and by adding bentonite (0.5%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.137-145
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• 2004

Intensive animal industries create large volumes of nutrient rich effluent which, if untreated, has the potential for substantial environmental degradationand to recover valuable nutrients that would otherwise be lost. Members of the family Lemnaceae are widely used in lagoon systems, to achieve inexpensive and efficient remediation of effluent. Only limited research has been conducted into their growth in highly eutrophic media and there has been little done to systematically distinguish between different types of media. This study examined the growth characteristics of duckweed in abattoir effluent and explored possible ways of ameliorating the inhibitory factors to growth on this medium. A series of pot trials was conducted to test the tolerance of duckweed to abattoir effluent partially remediated by a sojourn in anaerobic fermentation ponds, both in its unmodified form and after the addition of acid to manipulate pH, and the addition of bentonite. Unmodified abattoir effluent was highly toxic to duckweed, even at dilutions of 3:1. Duckweed remained viable and grew sub-optimally in simplified media with total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of up to 100 mg/L. Duckweed grew vigorously in effluent diluted 1:4 v/v, containing 56 mg TAN/L when modified by addition of acid (to decrease pH to 7) and bentonite at 0.5%. The results of this study suggest that bentonite plays an important role in modifying the toxicity of abattoir effluent to duckweed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.2 s.67
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• pp.71-76
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• 1986

Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis H1 (BTT) strain was cultured in the 4 different fermentation media and then measured their growths and the productions of endotoxin crystals from the culture media. Out of the 4 media, the productions of the endotoxin crystals and spores were maximal in the pH9-M-3 medium. The wet weight of BTT cells grown in the 150ml culture was approximately 3.218g and the number of the viable spores was $3.3{\times}10^{10}/ml$, and the ratio of the endotoxin weight over total cell weight was 20.05%. The generation time of the BTT bacteria in the M-1 was about 47.6 minutes in the M-2, 132.9 minutes in the M-3 and 110.2 minutes in the M-4. The proper pH for the production of the endotoxin by BTT appeared to be pH 6.5.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2004

L-Threonine fermentation process was constructed on batch and fed-batch culture by using Escherichia coli MT201. The production type of L-threonine was observed as growth-associated production in batch culture. In fed-batch culture studying optimal concentration of yeast extract in feeding media, when 600 g/l of glucose and 60 g/l of yeast extract were added in feeding media, 87 g/$\ell$ of L-threonine was produced. To improve cell growth and L-threonine production, the culture of high cell density was performed in fed-batch culture with oxygen enriched air and feeding media containing L-methionine and phosphate. Under the conditions, we could achieve the highest L-threonine production of98 g/$\ell$ at 60 h. The highest productivity of L-threonine was about 3.85 g/$\ell$/h.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.812-813
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• 1995

Lactococcal cells are nutritionally fastidious and thus, generally cultured either in milk or M17 medium (Terzaghi and Sandine, 1975). In this study, Lactococcus cremoris wild-type (KH) and its less­proteolytic mutant (KHA1) cells were grown on the M17 medium or with modified M17 medium by replicated parallel experiments. The modified M17 medium had the same composition as M17 medium, except that lactose was replaced by glucose. Analyses of culture-broth samples, in which the M17 and the modified M17 media were used, were conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). But, working with these media created noisy problems in analyses of samples. Therefore, a new semi-synthetic medium was developed on the basis of nutritional requirements (Morishita et al., 1981). The composition of the semi-synthetic medium determined on the basis of the nutritional requirements and the composition of milk, is presented in Table 1. The composition of M17 medium is also presented and compared in the table. L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells were grown again on the new synthetic medium containing glucose or lactose. The broth samples were then drawn and analyzed by HPLC. Clearer separations of fermented products were achieved from the new medium than those with the M17 and the modified M17 media. In comparison with the M17 or the modified M17 media, growth on the new medium was good (Kim et al, 1993). Additional fermentations were also carried out at a controlled pH of 7.0, where enhanced growth of lactococcal cells was obtained. In the fermentations, samples were also analyzed for the concentrations of sugar and lactic acid. The results showed that the new synthetic medium was as good as or better than the M 17 and the modified M 17 media. This is because casein hydrolysate in the synthetic medium provided a ready supply of amino acids and peptides for L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactococcal cells have been known to be an effective means of preserving foods, at the same time as giving particular tastes in fields of dairy products. LAB also have always occupied an important place in the technology of sea products, and marine LAB have known to be present in traditional fermented products (Ohhira et al, 1988). To apply the new synthetic medium to marine LAB, two different LAB were isolated from pickled anchovy and pollacks caviar and were grown on the new media in which various concentrations of NaCl $(3, 5, 7 and 10\%)$ added. They were also grown on the medium solution in natural seawater $(35\%o\;salinity)$ and on the solution of natural seawater itself, too. As seen in Fig. 1, Marine LAB were grown best on the synthetic medium solution in natural seawater and the higher concentrations of NaCl were added to the medium, the longer lag-phase of growth profile appeared. Marine LAB in natural seawater were not grown well. From these results, the synthetic medium seems good to cultivate cells which are essential to get salted fish aged. In this study, it showed that the new synthetic medium provided adequate nutrition for L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells, which have been used as cheese starters (Stadhouders et al, 1988). Using this new medium, the acid production capability of starter cultures could be also measured quantitatively. Thus, this new medium was inferior to the M17 or the modified M17 medium in culturing the cheese starters and in measuring fermentation characteristics of the starter cells. Moreover, this new medium found to be good for selected and well-identified marine LAB which are used in rapid fermentations of low-salted fish.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.52-59
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• 2000

A rapid assay to determine respiration inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by chemicals was developed. S. cerevisiae was harvested with two different liquid media, yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium capable of occurring both glucose fermentation and mitochondrial respiration, and non-fermentable carbon-yeast extract (NFY) medium capable of occurring respiration only Wells in 96-well plate were loaded with each cell suspension and various concentrations of 46 fungicides with various modes of action. n NFY medium, the non-fermentable carbon source, ethanol (NFY-E medium), glycerol (NFY-G medium) or lactate (NFY-L medium), was used. After incubation for $1{\sim}3$ days, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the chemicals were recorded in the media. Of the 46 inhibitors employed in this study, four inhibitors of fungal respiration by blockage of electron flux in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, and trifloxystrobin, exhibited strong antifungal activity in all of NFY media, but no activity in YPD medium. In contrast to this, five N-trihalomethylthio fungicides showed much stronger antifungal activities in YPD medium than three NFY media. Eleven fungicides inhibited growth of S. cerevisiae in all media and the other 26 fungicides showed no antifungal activity in all media. Thus, our rapid and efficient in vitro method can be considered as an alternative assay system for respiration inhibitor.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.539-543
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• 2005

Elevated level of serum cholesterol in humans is a risk factor correlated with the development of coronary heart disease. We have screened lactic acid bacteria from pig and human feces for the development of probiotics which have an anti-cholesterol effect. We have used special media to isolate only lactic acid bacteria and they were subjected to the experiments such as oxgal test, carbohydrate fermentation test. Results from the acid tolerance test and growth test in the presence of oxgal demonstrated that some strains would likely survive in thuman stomach, where acidity is high, and in small intestine, where bile fluid is present. In conclusion, we were able to screen lactic acid bacteria which were tolerant against bile acid and supposed to be prominent to lower the cholesterol level in human serum.