• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.161-171
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• 2023

It is largely agreed that elderly drivers (over 64 years) are more likely to cause fatal crashes than other age groups. According to national road crash statistics 2021, the number of road fatalities per 10,000 drivers over 64 years old was 1.77, while that of drivers in their 30s was 0.55. This indicates a 2.67 times higher probability of causing crashes among the former than the latter. The current study estimates how rear-end crashes may be reduced by installing Automatic Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS), particularly for elderly drivers. We analyzed data from Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance. The results show that the Odds Ratio of rear-end crash occurrence between vehicles with AEBS and without AEBS is 0.75, implying there were lesser rear-end crashes in the vehicles installed with AEBS. The Odds Ratio of male drivers was determined to be 0.78, which was lesser than the 0.81 Odds Ratio obtained for female drivers. Elderly drivers who had installed AEBS in their vehicles showed an Odds Ratio of 0.76, implying crash reduction. In particular, the Odds Ratio of male elderly drivers was found to be the lowest at 0.49. We believe incentivizing by giving discounted insurance premiums to the elderly who drive vehicles installed with AEBS will help reduce rear-end crashes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.771-781
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify major drivers of Myanmar's long-term economic growth and draw implications to implement development policies. This study investigated Myanmar, as the country is the most recently opened economy in Southeast Asia. This study conducted simulation analysis based on scenarios by applying World Bank's Long-Term Growth Model, Penn World Table 9.1, and World Development Indicator data. This study makes extensive use of LTGM and the LTGM-TFP extension to improve the validity of models for data calibration. This study confirms the validity of the model with data calibration and specifies scenarios for simulation analyses by setting the growth trajectory of Vietnam due to common geographical, political, and economic conditions. Main findings include that Myanmar's economic growth rate will continue to fall below 3% in 2040 without proper improvement of growth drivers. The results of this study also provide that total factor productivity growth and female labor participation are key factors for Myanmar's long-term economic growth. This study advises policymakers in Myanmar to strengthen human capital, which is crucial for total factor productivity growth in Myanmar's context and directly affects economic growth. Further, labor market policies to promote female labor participation is important to sustain economic growth.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.459-466
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• 2017

Objective: This study examined two traffic signals with a countdown indicator in terms of driver's reaction time and subjective satisfaction score and their performance was compared with a standard traffic signal in driving simulation. Background: Dilemma zone is created when a traffic light changes at intersections. It often pushes drivers to rush in urgent and premature decision making whether to go or stop and thus induces unnecessary mental load among drivers, which may lead to sudden conflicts with following vehicles at intersections. Method: Forty college students (male: 20, female: 20) participated in this driving simulation study. Three traffic signals were employed: (1) standard traffic signal; (2) countdown-separated signal; and (3) countdown-overlaid signal. The countdown-separated and countdown-overlaid signals were designed to inform drivers of the remaining time of a green light before tuning to an amber light. Reaction times (sec) and satisfaction scores (7-point scale) for the two signals with a countdown indicator were compared with those for the standard traffic signal. Results: Reaction times of the countdown-separated (0.49 sec) and countdown-overlaid (0.43 sec) signals were significantly shorter than that of the standard signal (0.67 sec). Satisfaction scores of the countdown-separated (5.3 point) and countdown-overlaid (5.6 point) signals were greater than that of the standard signal (3.8 point). Lastly, the countdown-overlaid signal showed better performance than the countdown-separated signal, but their differences in reaction time (0.06 sec) and satisfaction score (0.3 point) were small. Conclusion: Traffic signals with a countdown indicator can improve drivers' reaction time and satisfaction score than the standard traffic signal. Application: Traffic signals with a countdown indicator will be useful for reducing the length of dilemma zone at intersections, by allowing drivers to predict the remaining time of a green light.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-131
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• 2014

This driving simulation study examined relative differences in driving anger as the functions of drivers' gender and driving experiences, and actor-observer perspectives when they were exposed in two anger-provoking driving scenarios(cutting-in and sudden stop). The results showed the followings. First, neither drivers' gender nor driving experience, when they were considered independently of the driving situation types and actor-observer perspectives, yielded significant difference in driving anger. Second, actor-observer effect on driving anger was observed only in the cutting-in condition where other driver's intension was emphasized. Third, the female drivers of low driving experience tended to show the strongest tendency of actor-observer bias in the cutting-in condition. These results suggested that the levels of driving anger as the functions of drivers' gender and driving experience can be differed by types of driving situation as well as perspectives of drivers' interpreting the situations.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

Traffic volume increases due to diversification of industry. Also, Automobile ownerships also increase steadily. It is estimated that the registered number of vehicle is expected to be 20 milion in the year 2015. These trends may result in increasing the number of woman drivers and elderly drivers. Therefore, this study aims to identify routes that reflect characteristics of each driver's preferences. A survey was conducted on different routes attributes for variances drivers. Driver types were classified by gender, age, and driving career. Accordingly, a weight for road composition attribute such as number of lanes, number of accidents, slope was estimated by using Swing Weighting technique in Multi-Attribute Utility Theory. In addition, a case study was conducted and identified weights were applied to routes. In result, drivers commonly prefer short route when they considered their routes. Also, male drivers prefer speedy and shorter route than that of female drivers. Elderly drivers prefer safe routes that represent low accidents rate. Moreover driving career under a year drivers prefer safe and easy routes. Therefore, we may conclude that the necessity of diversified route information is essential in the future car navigation system.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 2002

This research suggested the mathematical model (forward kinematics method) to provide the reference points of driver space more easily and accurately in designing the package layout of vehicle interiors. For this purpose, the lengths of body segments of drivers and various joint angles occurred while were used. The length data between joints for the mathematical model were extracted from $SAFEWORK^{\circed{R}}$ as well as 95th percentile male and 5th percentile female body dimensions were utilized. In addition, the angles of body segments were applied on its diverse values within proper ranges in order to compare them each other. the mathematical model in this study was based on the concept of converting polar coordinate system to Cartesian coordinate system so that reference points of driver space were acquired in Cartesian coordinate system after using the segment lengths of drivers and the joint angles of driving postures as an input of polar coordinate system. It is expected that reference points of driver space obtained from this research are helpful to the study on package layout that is appropriate for physical characteristics of drivers.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.70-76
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• 2022

This paper investigates the effects of age, gender, and situational factors on take-over performance in automated driving. The existing automated driving systems still consider a driver as a fallback-ready user who is receptive to take-over requests. Thus, we need to understand the impact of situations and human factors on take-over performance. 34 drivers drove on a simulated track, consisting of one baseline and four event scenarios. The data, including the brake reaction time and the standard deviation of lane position, and physiological data, including the heart rate and skin conductance, were collected. The analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. The results showed that there were significant age, gender, and situational differences in the takeover performance and mental workload. Findings from this study indicated that older drivers may face risks due to their degraded driving performance, and female drivers may have a negative experience on automated driving.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

The purpose of the paper is to review current trends and future issues of automotive ergonomics. The current trends include 1) universal design considering for regional differences, elderly drivers, female drivers, 2) quantification of driver's discomfort 3) trade-off between design trends and comfort, 4) digital ergonomic evaluation with digital human models 5) optimization of driver's interface. The future issues of automotive ergonomics cover 1) intelligent driver assistance system 2) Fun-to-drive and 3) differentiation from other vehicles based on ergonomics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2010

Domestic insurance claims were statistically investigated to analyze the elderly driver's accident patterns and injury types in side impact crashes. Medical treatment records and accident vehicle damage photos have been surveyed for 5,419 cases. The results of our statistical analysis showed that the thorax injury risk of the elderly drive group is 8.8 and 4.0 times higher than that of the young and middle age group respectively. Diagnosis showed that most thorax injuries were caused by rib fracture. The head injury risk of the elderly female driver group seemed to be higher than that of the younger female driver group, however, statistical test has not been conducted because of the lack of number of samples for elderly female accident.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.363-372
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of female drivers, study their characteristics and needs, and create automobile designs in accordance with the study. The power of female consumers is greatly increasing in a modern society, To the extent that women became the core consumers. Companies are now turning their attention to female consumers in order to survive the fierce competition in the saturated markets. Moreover, it is becoming imperative for companies to actively develop products and services in female perspectives to meet the diversified needs of consumers. It is forecasted that vigorous research, analysis and understanding of the unique culture of women will be increasingly important now that women are emerging as core consumers. Only the companies that makes such efforts consistently can dominate the market. The automobile industry is not an exception. The world's major automobile companies including Volvo and Ford Motor Co. are keenly focusing on automobile exterior and interior designs for women. Korean companies are also designing cars that cater to women, starting with Lanos and Juliet of Daewoo Motors in 1998, yet specific and systematic research on the subject has not been made. This study aims to emphasize the power of female users, make a research and analysis on their needs and characteristics, and suggest car interior designs that cater to them.