• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1230-1237
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine an optimal balance between the amount of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) to metabolizable glucose (MG) on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. Methods: A total of 15 healthy Holstein heifers weighing an average of 256 kg (8 month of age) were randomly assigned to three groups of five. Treatment diets consisted of the following three $peNDF_{8.0}/MG$ levels: 1.46 (Treatment A), 1.74 (Treatment B), and 2.08 (Treatment C). Results: The results showed that the ratio of $peNDF_{8.0}/MG$ affected rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and growth performance of heifers. The average daily gain of heifers tended to decrease as the ratio of $peNDF_{8.0}/MG$ increased (p = 0.07). The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, and cholesterol increased significantly (p<0.05), while the high-density lipoprotein concentration decreased (p<0.05). After feeding 2 h and 4 h, insulin concentration in Treatment A was greater than Treatment C (p<0.05). Propionate concentration had decreasing trend (p = 0.07); acetate to propionate ratio and non-glucogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acid (NGR) increased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present investigation indicated that dietary $peNDF_{8.0}/MG$ ratio can affect the growth and development, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation and apparent digestibility of heifers, and the optimal dietary $peNDF_{8.0}/MG$ ratio for 8 to 10-month-old heifers in the present study was 1.46.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1259-1266
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• 2018

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the possible application of Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera) silage as a functional feeding stuff in dairy cattle. Methods: Seventy-two Holstein cows were divided into four groups randomly and allocated to 6 pens with 3 individuals in each group and fed the original total mixed ratio (TMR) in the dairy farm or the new TMR with 5%, 10%, and 15% B. papyrifera silage, separately. Feed intake were recorded, milk and blood samples were collected, and milk composition, blood metabolites and milk fatty acids composition were measure at the end of the experiment. Results: Dry matter intake of cows decreased when they fed on diet with B. papyrifera, but no differences were observed in body condition score, milk yield, milk protein and lactose, feed efficiency and serum metabolites between groups. Both 10% or 15% of B. papyrifera silage in the diet significantly increased the immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in serum, 15% of B. papyrifera silage increased the content of serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and decreased the content of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Furthermore, 10% or 15% of B. papyrifera silage resulted in a significant decrease in the milk somatic cell count, and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the milk. Conclusion: The diets with 10% to 15% of B. papyrifera silage might enhance the immune and antioxidant function of dairy cows and increase the polyunstaturated fatty acid concentration in the milk.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-82
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• 2012

Our Team Approach consists of following five stages; (1) Peri-natal care until lip repair After ultrasound diagnosis, some obstetricians recommend the mother with CL/P fetus to undergo prenatal counseling in our CLP clinic. On the day the CL/P baby was born, our oral surgeon, nurse, and pedodontist visit the maternity clinic, and take counseling and take impression for a feeding plate. The cheiloplasty is performed in three months old. (2) From lip repair to palatal repair At one year of age, Otorhinolaryngologist checks middle-ear disease. Palatoplasty is carried out at 1.5 - 2 years old. (3) In deciduous and early mixed dentitions Speech is the most important issue in social life for the CL/P subjects, therefore the training of velopharyngeal function is essential. Orthodontist monitors dentofacial development from 5 years of age. In the case of severe maxillary under-growth or severe collapse, maxillary protractor or lateral expansion is indicative, respectively. In early mixed dentition, upper central incisor on the cleft area erupts with some torsion, and then the traumatic occlusion with tooth torsion must be corrected. (4) In mixed dentition Right before the eruption of upper canines, secondary bone grafting is performed. One year prior to the operation, maxillary fan-type expansion is carried out to correct the collapse of maxillary segments. Following the surgical operation, the erupted canine will be moved into the transplanted bone to avoid alveolar resorption. (5) In permanent dentition Final tooth alignment is carried out after eruption of second molars. Some cases may require orthognathic surgery after physical maturation. Prosthetic oral rehabilitation including the dental-implant is carried out after age eighteen.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.253-270
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• 2007

Objectives : This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang on the hyperglycemic mice induced with Streptozotocin(STZ). Methods : The 60mg/kg of STZ was fed into mice twice by 24 h interval and then 120mg/kg STZ was fed again 3 days after the earlier feeding, Control group was administered mice with 0.9% saline(2mL/kg/day), and experimental groups were administered Cimicifugae Rhizoma extract(CA group, 10mg/kg/day; CB group, 30mg/kg/day) or Seungmagalgeuntang(SA group, 10mg/kg/day; SB group, 30mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction for 6 weeks. Results : The body weight of experimental groups higher than control. The blood glucose concentration of the control group increased continuously reaching to 298.9 mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, significantly(p<0.01 or p<0.05) decreased in the SA and SB groups compared with control group. Blood insulin level significantly(p<0.01) increased in the experimental groups. The activities of SOD and catalase were more decreased in the experimental group than control group compared with normal group. In the point of pancreatic immunohistochemical change, the experimental group's pancreatic islets have increased and enlarged and the concentration of insulin-positive beta cells has also increased, comparing with the control group. Meanwhile forms of nucleus and mitochondria in the experimental group's hepatic cells were almost similar to the normal group. Conclusion : The result from the six weeks of observation demonstrates that the extracts from Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang have positive effects on lowering blood sugar level and elevating insulin concentration. The extract had also effects on recovering and regenerating pancreatic tissue of the hyperglycemic mice induced with STZ. At the same time, it had a protective effect against hepatotoxicity as well.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2007

We reviewed the records of 25 patients who were re-operated upon after primary repair of esophageal atresia with or without fistula at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, from January 1997 to March 2007. Types of the esophageal atresia anomalies were Gross type A in 5 patients, C in 18, and E in 2. The indications for re-operation were anastomosis stricture (n = 14), tracheo-bronchial remnant (n = 4), persistent anastomosis leakage (n = 3), recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula (n = 2) and esophageal web (n = 2). The interval between primary and secondary surgery was from 48 days to 26 years 5 months (mean: 2 years and 4 months). Four patients required a third operation. The interval between the second and third operation was between 1 year 1 month and 3 year 10 month (mean: 2 years 5 months). Mean follow up period after last operation was 35 months (1 years-8 years 6 months). The secondary surgery was end-to-end esophageal anastomosis in 15, esophagoplasty in 5, gastric tube replacement in 5. After secondary operation, 6 patients had anastomosis stricture (4 patients were relieved of the symptoms by balloon dilatation, 2 patients underwent tertiary operation). Five patients had leakage (sealed on conservative management in all). Two patients had recurrent tracheo-esophagel fistula (1 patient received chemical cauterization and 1 patient underwent tertiary operation). Currently, only one patient has feeding problems. There were no mortalities. Secondary esophageal surgery after primary surgery for esophageal atresia was effective and safe, should be positively considered when complications do not respond to nonoperative therapy.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.251-263
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• 2012

Purpose: It was necessary for developing a neonatal classification system based on nursing needs and direct care time. This study was, thus, aimed at identifying nursing activities and measuring the standard nursing practice time for developing a neonatal patient classification system in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods: The study was taken place in 8 general hospitals located in Seoul and Kyungi province, South Korea from Dec, 2009 to Jan, 2010. By using 'the modified Workload Management System for critical care Nurses' (WMSN), nursing categories, activities, standard time, and task frequencies were measured with direct observation. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results: Neonatal nursing activities were categorized into 8 areas: vital signs (manual), monitoring, activity of daily living (ADL), feeding, medication, treatment and procedure, respiratory therapy, and education-emotional support. The most frequent and time-consuming area was an ADL, unlike that of adult patients. Conclusion: The findings of the study provide a foundation for developing a neonatal patient classification system in NICU. Further research is warranted to verify the reliability and validity of the instrument.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was conducted to examine whether Cynanchi wilfordii radix (CWR) with or without fermentation has an ameliorative effect on hyperlipidemia in rats.Methods : We analyzed the contents of Conduritol F on Cynanchi wilfordii radix. The experimental animals were divided into six groups; normal diet fed group (N), high cholesterol fed control group (Con), Lovastatin 20 mg/kg (L), CWR-W 300 mg/kg (CWR-W), and CWR-F 300 mg/kg on hyperlipidemia model induced by feeding 1.25% cholesterol. Rats were administrated orally every day for 8 weeks. And lipid profile of serum and weight change were observed.Results : The vehicle displayed a markedly increased body weight and significantly increased liver and epididymal fat weight, however, the administration of CWR improved the body, liver, and epididymal fat weights. All drug treatment reduced significantly the serum level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol elevated by intake of high cholesterol diet. TG displayed a reducing tendency all drug treatment, however, CWR-W decreased significantly. Atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor increased high cholesterol diet fed control group, while the administration of CWR-W and CWR-F decreased significantly. The major index of liver injury such as AST and ALT improved in all drug treatment.Conclusions : These results suggest that CWR extended the effect of lipid enhanced. Therefore CWR with or without fermentation may be useful for therapeutic treatment of clinical conditions associated with hyperlipidemia. Finally, these require more investigations about the action mechanism of CWR in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.635-644
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• 2016

Birds play a main role in the formation and change of forest structures as they are seed-dispersal agents. This study aims to identify birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree and their associated fruits and seeds on Jeju Island in the context on the forest restoration in Korea. We conducted field surveys twice a month from 2013 to 2015 at nine study sites located across Jeju Island and collected available photographic and observation records. A total of 50 species of birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree were identified and birds belonging to Bombycillidae, Pycnonotidae, Zosteropidae, Sturnidae and Fringillidae were confirmed as major birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree. Gulping was the dominant type of feeding as well as crushing, but relationship between the size of a bird and the number of fruit and seed species used by the bird was not significant. We also documented that 118 fruit and seed species were consumed by birds and that shrubby fruits and seeds were more consumed by birds than those of other plant types. The relative consumption rate of fruits and seeds ranged from 0.02 to 0.44, but five species were the most important fruits and seeds for birds. Our finding suggest that avian frugivorous gulpers will benefit the seed dispersal, especially of five fruiting plants, providing useful baseline data for forest restoration and urban park design.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.438-445
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• 2004

A radiotracer study was conducted to evaluate the influence of body size and temperature on the uptake rates of Cd, Se and Zn in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. Uptake rates of Cd, Se and Zn were determined simultaneously with clearance of the mussels with 3 different size classes (0.07, 0.24 and 0.73 g flesh dry weight $individual^{-1})$ and at 4 different temperatures (3, 8, 13 and $21^\circ{C})$. The weight-specific uptake rates of 3 elements significantly decreased with body size, but increased with temperature. Simultaneously measured clearance rates of mussels were closely associated with metal uptake rates. The significant association of clearance rates and metal uptake rates of mussels emphasizes the importance of functional role of water pumping activity in the metal uptake process in filter-feeding organisms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1870-1878
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different colors produced by light emitting diode (LED) on Brown Tsaiya ducks. Methods: A total of 144 female Brown Tsaiya ducks were randomly allocated into three individual cage rearing chambers with different LED illumination colors as treatments. Three different treatments were: i) white color, ii) blue color, and iii) red color. The experiment periods were from ducks 21 to 49 weeks of age, determined traits included i) egg laying performance, ii) feed intake, iii) egg shell breaking strength, iv) egg shell thickness, v) egg Haugh unit, vi) egg weight, vii) serum Estradiol and Progesterone concentration, and viii) behavior pattern. Results: The results indicated that when compared with white and blue color, red color could stimulate ducks sexual maturation and raised the egg laying performance. The red light group was also observed to have the highest feed intake among three treatments. The blue treatment had the lowest egg shell breaking strength and the highest egg weight among three treatments, nevertheless, no significant difference was observed among three treatments on egg shell thickness and egg Haugh unit. The red light group had higher serum estradiol concentration than the white and blue groups, but no significant difference among treatments on the serum Progesterone concentration was found. The results of behavior pattern indicated that red light group showed more feeding and less resting behavior compared to the blue light group. Conclusion: We found a potential of applying red light illumination in the indoor laying duck raising system with positive results on egg laying performance and acceptable egg weight, equivalent egg qualities compared to white and blue light.