• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.349-356
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• 2010

In this study, a new design method of pile bent structure considering plastic hinge was proposed on the basis of the beam-column model. Based on the analysis results, it is found that the positioning of plastic hinge on the pile bent structure was influenced by nonlinear behavior of material and p-$\Delta$ effect. Moreover, concrete cracking began to occur at the joint section between the pile and column in case of pile bent structure with different cross-sections. The plastic hinge can be developed on the pile bent structure when large displacement was occurred, and pile bent structures can be maintained well only if it is developed on the column part. Therefore, in this study, the optimized cross-section ratio between column and pile was analyzed to induce the plastic hinge at the joint section between the pile and column. Based on this, the optimized diameter ratio of pile and column can be obtained below the inflection point of the bi-linear curve depending on the relations between column-pile diameter ratio($D_c/D_p$) and normalized lateral cracking load ratio($F/F_{Dc=Dp}$). And through this study, it is founded that in-depth limit($L_{As}$=0.4%) normalized by the pile length($L_P$) are proportionally decreased as the pile length($L_P/D_P$) increases up to $L_P/D_P$=17.5, and beyond that in-depth limit converges to a constant value. Finally, it is found that the proposed limit depth by taking into account the minimum concrete-steel ratio would be more economical design of the pile bent structure.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2019

Dynamic earth pressure is considered an important parameter in the design of embedded structures. In current engineering design simplified methods developed either for yielding or non-yielding structures are utilized to predict resultant dynamic pressure. The applicability of these equations to embedded structures have not yet been reported. In this study we perform a suite of equivalent linear time history analysis for a range of embedded structure configurations. Numerically calculated dynamic pressure is shown to depend on the flexibility ratio (F), aspect ratio (L/H) of the embedded structure, and ground motion. Increase in L/H and intensity increases the magnitude of dynamic pressure. An increase in F decreases the dynamic pressure. Overall, the trends highlight the need for development of new method that accounts for F and L/H to calculate the dynamic pressure for the performance-based design of embedded structures.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.121-125
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• 2015

Biohydrogen production from food waste via dark fermentation was conducted by using mixed culture under various environmental conditions (initial pH, initial F/M ratio, initial ferrous iron ($Fe^{2+}$), and temperature condition) in batch reactor. The results revealed that the maximum hydrogen yield of $46.19mL\;H_2/g\;COD_{add}$ was achieved at the optimal conditions (initial pH 8.0, initial F/M ratio 4.0, initial iron concentration 100 mg $FeSO_4/L$ and thermophilic condition ($55{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)). Furthermore, major volatile fatty acid (VFA) productions of butyrate (765.66 mg/L) and acetate (324.69 mg/L) were detected and COD removal efficiency was detected at 66.00%. Therefore, these optimal conditions could be recommended to operate a system.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2015

본 연구는 환경오염과 양수분 손실을 주는 비순환식 수경재배에 FDR센서를 이용한 자동관수시스템을 적용할 때 관수효율을 높이기 위한 최적의 최소대기시간을 설정하고자 수행되었다. 실험은 가을과 겨울철에 봄과 여름철에 두 번 수행하였고 가을과 겨울철에는 3분 급액과 최소대기시간을 5분으로 한 3R5F 처리구, 3분 급액과 최소대기시간을 10분으로 한 3R10F 처리구, 5분 급액과 최소대기시간을 15분으로 한 5R15F 처리구를 설정하여 실험하였고 봄과 여름철에는 3분 급액과 최소대기시간을 5분으로 한 3R5F 처리구, 3분 급액과 최소 대기시간을 10분으로 한 3R10F 처리구를 설정하여 실험하였다. 3분 급액은 주당 60mL, 5분 급액은 주당 80mL가 공급되었다. 가을과 겨울철 재배에서 정식 후 62일 까지 주당 급액량은 3R5F (858mL) > 5R15F (409mL) > 3R10F (306mL) 처리 순으로 나타났고 배액률은 3R5F (44%) > 5R15F (23%) > 3R10F (14%) 순으로 나타났다. 정식 후 62일부터 102일 까지는 일일 주당 급액량이 5R15F (888mL)> 3R5F (695mL)> 3R10F (524mL) 순으로 나타났고 이 시기에 배액률은 5R15F에서 가장 높았다. 봄과 여름재배에서는 일일 주당 급액량과 배액율이 3R5F 처리구에서 3R10F 처리구보다 높았다. 두 재배 모두에서 수분이용효율 (WUE)은 3R10F 처리에서 높았다. 따라서 FDR 센서를 활용한 자동화 관수 시스템에서 관수효율을 높이기 위한 최소대기시간은 10분으로 고찰된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed withdrawal (F) and heat acclimatization (A) on malebroiler and -layer chickens responses to acute heat stress (AHS) at four weeks of age. Totals of ninety male chicks of broiler or layer type were randomly allocated into 30 pens of grower batteries with raised wire floors. Chicks were subjected to F and A three times a week through the first three weeks of age. At each time, feed withdrawal and heat acclimatization (T = $35^{\circ}C$) lasted for six and four hours, respectively. Feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly for broiler type chickens only. At four weeks of age, all groups of chickens were exposed to AHS (T = $39{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) for three hours. Before and after AHS challenge, body temperature (Tb), heterophil (H), and lymphocyte (L) counts were recorded, and H/L ratio was calculated. Antibody (Ab) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was assessed from all treatments without being exposed to AHS. Group F of broiler-type chickens weighed less (p<0.05) compared to control group. Also, both A and F groups of broiler-type chickens consumed less (p<0.05) feed when compared to control group. Acute heat stress elevated Tb of all treatment groups, however the increase was more profound (p<0.001) in broiler chicks. Broiler chicks of both A and F groups showed a tendency to have higher (p = 0.08) Tb when compared to control group. Acute heat stress elevated (p<0.001) H/L ratio in both types of chickens. Broiler chicks maintained higher (p<0.001) H/L ratio. Both F and A groups reduced (p<0.01) the level of elevation in H/L ratio compared to control groups of both types of chickens. Neither A nor F group affected the Ab production in response to SRBC. However, there was a tendency towards higher Ab responses in F group when compared to other groups in both types of chickens. Results of the present study demonstrate that previous history of feed withdrawal or episodes of heat exposures improved chicks'physiological withstanding of AHS and a tendency to improved humoral immune response.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Defoliation in grapevine cultivation is practically used to improve light environment within the canopy and thereby fruit quality. Effects of defoliation in five-year-old 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating were investigated to find out optimum ratio of leaf area to fruit cluster weight (L/F). METHODS AND RESULTS: The grapevines were defoliated with berry-thinning 20 days after full bloom to provide various levels of L/F. At harvest, total leaf area values of fruit bearing branches were between 0.23 and $0.60m^2$. With increasing L/F, soluble solids and anthocyanin contents curvilinearly increased ($R^2=0.76^{**}$). At L/F over $0.6m^2/kg$, soluble solids content (SSC) leveled off. With increasing L/F, titratable acidity (TA) linearly decreased ($R^2=0.87^{**}$), but the ratio of SSC to TA linearly increased ($R^2=0.86^{**}$). Anthocyanin content was significantly correlated with SSC and the ratio of SSC to TA ($R^2=0.80^{**}$ and $0.82^{**}$, respectively). When total leaf area per fruit bearing branch was maintained $0.40m^2$, soluble solids and anthocyanin contents linearly decreased ($R^2=0.79^{**}$ and $0.85^{**}$, respectively), but TA linearly increased with increasing fruit cluster weight ($R^2=0.70^{**}$). Fruit was low in quality when the L/F was below $0.6m^2/kg$. CONCLUSION: L/F is recommended to be maintained at least $0.6m^2/kg$ in 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating to produce higher-quality fruits.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.1171-1187
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• 2011

Silverman [14] proved a height inequality for a jointly regular family of rational maps and the author [10] improved it for a jointly regular pair. In this paper, we provide the same improvement for a jointly regular family: let h : ${\mathbb{P}}_{\mathbb{Q}}^n{\rightarrow}{{\mathbb{R}}$ be the logarithmic absolute height on the projective space, let r(f) be the D-ratio of a rational map f which is de ned in [10] and let {$f_1,{\ldots},f_k|f_l:\mathbb{A}^n{\rightarrow}\mathbb{A}^n$} bbe finite set of polynomial maps which is defined over a number field K. If the intersection of the indeterminacy loci of $f_1,{\ldots},f_k$ is empty, then there is a constant C such that $ \sum\limits_{l=1}^k\frac{1}{def\;f_\iota}h(f_\iota(P))>(1+\frac{1}{r})f(P)-C$ for all $P{\in}\mathbb{A}^n$ where r= $max_{\iota=1},{\ldots},k(r(f_l))$.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2016

Small-sized persimmons produced by high crop load are better accepted in the export markets. However, maintaining high crop load frequently results in weakness of tree vigor, deterioration of fruit quality, and increase of the risks for alternate bearing. This experiment was conducted to determine the combined effects of fertilization rate and leaf-fruit (L/F) ratio on container-grown 3-year-old 'Fuyu' persimmon trees. Application of 3.6-g N, 2.1-g $P_2O_5$, 2.7-g $K_2O$, 2.7-g CaO, and 0.6-g MgO was for the control fertilization rate (CF) and that of a 3-fold CF was for the high fertilization rate (HF). Commercial fertilizers were surface-applied to a container on July 6, July 17, and August 10 in three equal aliquots. Single tree for each fertilization rate was assigned for 12 L/F ratios (5, 6.3, 7.7, 9, 10.4, 13, 15.5, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 33) mostly by fruit thinning or rarely by defoliation on July 1. HF did not affect the yield, weight and soluble solids of the fruits but decreased skin color. As L/F ratio increased, yield decreased but average weight, skin color, and soluble solids of fruits increased. With HF, N and K concentrations in leaves, fruits, and shoots increased to some extent but soluble sugars in dormant shoots decreased. Many shoots were cold-injured with low L/F ratio especially at the HF. HF did not increase number of flower buds the next spring either on a shoot or on a tree basis but increased shoot length, compared with the CF. Increasing L/F ratio markedly increased number of flower buds and shoot growth the following year at both fertilization rates. Therefore, an appropriate combination of fertilization rate and L/F ratio should be necessary to maintain stable fruit production and tree vigor at high crop load.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제34권5_6호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

Local alignment 알고리즘은 두 문자열을 비교하여 크기가 l, 유사도 점수가 s인 부분 문자열쌍을 찾는다. 크기가 충분히 크고 유사도 점수도 높은 부분 문자열 쌍을 찾기 위해 단위 길이당 유사도 점수 s/l을 최대화하는 정규화 방법이 제안되어있다. 본 논문에서는 증가함수 f, g를 도입하여 f(s)/g(l)을 최대화하는, 함수에 의한 정규화 방법을 제시한다. 여기서 함수 f, g는 DNA 서열을 비교하는 실험을 통해 정한다. 이러한 실험에서 함수에 의한 정규화 방법이 좋은 local alignment를 찾는다. 또한 유사도 점수의 기준으로 longest common subsequence를 채택한 경우, 기존의 정규화 알고리즘을 이용하면 별다른 시간 손실 없이 함수에 의해 정규화된 점수 f(s)/g(l)을 최대화 할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2009

반도체 웨이퍼 제조 공정 중 발생하는 질산, 불산, 초산으로 구성된 혼합폐산을 재활용하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 초기에 $NaNO_3$와 Si powder를 사용하여 불산을 $Na_2SiF_6$로 침전시켜 불소화합물을 제조하였고, 이 때 혼산 중 불산의 농도는 초기 127g/L에서 0.5g/L로 낮아져 불산 회수율은 99.5%였다. $Na_2SiF_6$ 제조 후 남은 혼산의 질산과 초산의 농도는 각각 502g/L, 117g/L였고, 이 혼산에 NaOH를 투입하여 pH=4로 맞춘 후 -440 mmHg, $95^{\circ}C에서 증발농축을 하여 초산 분리 회수하였다. 회수된 초산의 농도는 약 15%였고, 회수율은 85.3% 이상이었다. 또한, 농축여액을 $20^{\circ}C$까지 냉각하여 $NaNO_3$ 결정을 석출시킴으로 질산나트륨을 제조하였고, 그 회수율은 약 93%이상이었다. 제조된 $Na_2SiF_6$와 $NaNO_3$를 $90^{\circ}C$에서 건조시킨 후, XRD 분석한 결과, 순수 $Na_2SiF_6$와 $NaNO_3$만 합성된 것을 확인하였고, 그 순도는 각각 약 97%, 98%로 시판용과 유사하였다.