• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.88-92
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• 2000

In Everland Zoological Gardens, the mortality by extrinsic cause in non-human primates during 1976∼1999 were retrospectively analyzed based on the clinical charts and/or autopsy reports. The number of deaths from extrinsic factor was 61 among a total of 161 monkeys which were died during that period. Among 61 monkeys of death from extrinsic factor, the number at a detailed cause were as follows: strangulation, 17(27.87%); accident fall, 15(24.59%); suffocation, 13(21.31%); drowning, 7(11.48%); death from pressure, 2(3.28%); collision, 2(3.28%); sunstroke, 1(64%); starvation, 1(1.64%); freezing to death, 1(1.64%); contusion, 1(1.64%). The number of deaths from extrinsic factor was 39 among a total of 81 squirrel monkeys which were died during that period. Among 39 squirrel monkeys of death from extrinsic factor, the number at a detailed cause were as follows; suffocation, 11(28.21%); accident fall, 8(20.51%); strangulation, 7(17.95%); drowning, 7(17.95%); death from pressure, 2(5.13%); starvation, 1(2.56%); collision, 1(2.56%). The number of deaths from extrinsic factor was 14 among a total of 50 Japanese macaque died during that period. Among 14 Japanese macaque from extrinsic factor, the number at a detailed cause were as follows; strangulation, 7(50.55%); accident fall, 6(42.85%); suffocation, 1(7.14%). It was considered that far facilities, adequate space and suitable indoor temperature are needed for the prevention of deaths of extrinsic cause at the monkey raising in zoological gardens or research center.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2003

Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability and death among people older than 65. Even without injury, falls cause a loss of confidence that results in reduced physical activity, increased dependency and social withdrawal. Fall prevention in the eldery people is a multifaced task that includes both the identification of risk factors and their modification strategies. Fall risk factors have been identified as both intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic factors are those related to the physical and cognitive function of the person. Extrinsic factors are those which are included in the environmental hazards of everyday life. Combinations of interventions aimed at modifying both intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors can result in significant fall prevention in the geriatric population. This article selectively reviews the literature reporting exercise intervention to improve strength, balance and mobility.

• 감성과학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2019

상대적 외적 가치 지향은 내재적 가치(e.g. 사회적 관계, 자기수용 등)에 비해서 외재적 가치(e.g. 부유함, 사회적 인정 등)를 상대적으로 더 중요하게 여기는 경향성이다. 본 연구는 자기회귀교차지연모형을 적용하여 상대적 외적가치 지향과 삶의 만족도의 인과적 관계를 확인하고, 이러한 관계에 성별 차이가 있는지 검토하였다. 이를 위하여 한국아동·청소년패널조사(KCYPS) 중1패널의 3차, 5차, 7차 년도 조사 자료(N = 2,259; 남자 1,140명, 여자 1,119명)를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이전 시점의 상대적 외적 가치 지향과 삶의 만족도는 이후 시점의 상대적 외적가치 지향과 삶의 만족에 유의한 정적 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 이전 시점의 상대적 외적 가치 지향은 다음 시점의 삶의 만족에 유의한 부적 영향을 주었다. 그러나 이전 시점의 삶의 만족은 이후 시점의 상대적 외적 가치 지향을 설명하지 못했다. 끝으로 이러한 관계는 남녀 집단 간에 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 삶에 대한 불만족이 내재적 가치보다 외재적 가치를 지향하게끔 만드는 것이 아니라, 상대적 외적 가치 지향이 높을 때 삶의 만족도가 낮아질 수 있음을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2011

Although the incidence of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs) was reported to be from 13% to 32% in cadaveric studies, the actual incidence is not yet known. The causes of PTRCTs can be explained by either extrinsic or intrinsic theories. Studies suggest that intrinsic degeneration within the rotator cuff is the principal factor in the pathogenesis of rotator cuff tears. Extrinsic causes include subacromial impingement, acute traumatic events, and repetitive microtrauma. However, acromially initiated rotator cuff pathology does not occur and extrinsic impingement does not cause pathology on the articular side of the tendon. An arthroscopic classification system has been developed based on the location and depth of the tear. These include the articular, bursal, and intratendinous areas. Both ultrasound and magnetic resonance image are reported with a high accuracy of 87%. Conservative treatment, such as subacromial or intra-articular injections and suprascapular nerve block with or without block of the articular branches of the circumflex nerve, should be considered prior to operative treatment for PTRCTs.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2023

Purpose The long-term trend of extrinsic uniformity by type of gamma camera was analyzed, and the factors affecting uniformity were investigated. Based on this, the purpose was to predict the life of the gamma camera, pay attention to factors that affect uniformity, and obtain better quality images. Materials and methods Four of the gamma cameras in operation at a senior general hospital in Seoul were selected and the trend of extrinsic uniformity from the first operation date to the present was analyzed. In order to minimize various factors affecting uniformity, a detailed analysis was conducted by calculating the monthly and annual average of the uniformity values. Results Two Symbia E gamma cameras from SIEMENS, one Symbia Evo Excel gamma camera, and one Symbia Intevo16 gamma camera were selected and analyzed. The uniformity of Symbia E₁ (2012 warehousing) changed unevenly, and the uniformity of Symbia E₂ (2014 warehousing) changed according to the replacement cycle of ⁵⁷Co sheet sources. The uniformity of Symbia Evo Excel (received in 2017) and Symbia Intevo 16 (received in 2017) was constant compared to Symbia E. Conclusion The extrinsic uniformity of the gamma camera gradually increased over time. However, there was a difference in uniformity for each type of gamma camera, and there was a change in uniformity in which the cause could not be accurately identified. In order to improve the quality of the image, it is necessary to periodically check changes in uniformity and minimize factors that affect uniformity.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-33
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• 2020

Due to recent increased air traffic,, air traffic controllers in charge of en-route and approach control have faced huge increase in both workload and its intensity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how much safety culture of air traffic controllers has effect on their complexity mitigation strategies during their duties. It could be expected complexity mitigation improve air traffic flow resulting in enhancing safety eventually. According to empirical analysis against air traffic controllers in civil aviation and air force in South Korea, it was proven safety culture had a statistically positive effect on complex mitigation strategies through safety behavior. In safety culture among air traffic controllers, intrinsic culture had a positive effect on extrinsic value of safety culture. Intrinsic value of safety culture led to air traffic controllers' safety behavior which created work complexity mitigation strategies. Among work complexity mitigation strategies, communication and cooperation was proven to be the most important factor effected by safety culture and behavior. It was implied that enhancing the intrinsic values of safety culture would cause to improve extrinsic safety culture and air traffic controller's work efficiency.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.55-72
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• 2019

Natural disasters and transient resource extraction cause new environmental problems and the waste of resources has also become a big problem. Because these kinds of environmental damage and pollution are harmful to human beings, the problem of environmental protection has become a global issue. In this situation, most consumers prefer Eco-Friendly products that benefit their health and can reduce environmental pollution as well. Businesses also try to develop marketing strategies that position products focused on the environment. At this point, the study has categorized extrinsic properties of Eco-Friendly products into brand images, the reliability of Eco-marks, advertisement views, and researches how the properties have effects on the perceived values and perceived risk in the process of consuming and how the perceived values and perceived risk have implications for purchasing intention. The consumer's perceived values are classified into emotional, social and Eco-friendly values. On the research of existing Chinese consumers or organic milk products, this study explains how the Chinese consumers make an assessment of the extrinsic property of Eco-Friendly products in the Chinese market and provide strategic implications to the Chinese market entrants.

• 전자공학회논문지D
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• 제35D권7호
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• pp.88-93
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• 1998

For the self-aligned AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs, the surface states at the interface between the extrinsic base surface and the passivation nitride is a major cause of degradation of dc characteristics. In this paper the degradation mechanisms of self-aligned AlGaAs/GaAs HBT were analyzed, and GaAs HBTs, which employed an InGaP ledge emitter structure formed by the nonself-aligned process to cover the surface of the extrinsic base and reduce the surface states, produced high reliability. Accoridng to the acceleration lifetime test, the nonself-aligned InGaP/GaAs HBTs produced very reliable dc characteristics comparing with the self-aligned AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs. The activation energy was 1.97eV and MTTF $4.8{\times}10^{8}$ hrs at $140^{\circ}C$ which satisfied the MIL standard.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2008

회전근 개 파열의 병리 생태와 증상이 없는 파열이 증상이 있는 파열로의 진행 과정은 아직 불분명하여 많은 논란이 있다. 이는 유전적 소인, 회전근 개를 싸고 있는 조직의 외인성 충돌, 건 자체 내의 내인성 퇴행성 변성과 같은 여러 요소들이 관여한다. 연령의 증가에 따른 회전근 개의 퇴행성 변화는 회전근 개의 해부학 및 역학적 환경과 관련이 깊다. 또한 파열된 회전근 개 표본의 조직 병리 소견으로 골에 부착되는 건의 기시부에서는 퇴행성 변성이 나타나며 이러한 현상은 건의 신장력을 약화시키게 된다. 건의 퇴행성 변성의 진행이 내인성이냐 외인성이냐의 의문에 대해 저자는 내인성에 의해 퇴행성 변성이 진행된다고 생각하며 비록 회전근 개 파열이 여러 요소에 의해 이차적으로 발생되기는 하나, 회전근 개 파열의 일차적 원인은 존재하는 퇴행성 변화일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.102-120
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• 2002

The purpose of study is to understand human-technology integration mechanism by using the study model that takes the core concept and motivation assumptions of technology acceptance model(TAM) into account. This study identifies three motivation mechanisms in adopting or using computer mediated communication(CMC) tool for work. The mechanism comprises with extrinsic, extrinsic motivation, and subjective norm pressure. One hospital with 430 beds and 367 human power was identified and we administered the questionnaire during their work hours. There is 32.4% response rate. The fitting index of the study model surpass the acceptable level, GFI = .980 for none-users, GFI =.986 for users, NNFI = .973 for none-users, and NNFI = .989 for users. In the case of none-users, perceived ease of use determines perceived usefulness that explains behavioral intention to use. As a result, adotpers' usage motivation is based on extrinsic motivation that does not consider their affective factor, attitude, in use of CMC. Users considers their attitudes as the mediating factor of all behavioral beliefs for using CMC continually. Thus, users are likely to depend their adoption behaviors on their affective factor. Moreover, users' behavioral intention is subject to pressures of use from other persons who are important to them, such as supervisor, director, or boss. Achieving human-technology integration in a hospital may cause cost saving and work efficiency. However, the success of information system should base on a profound understanding of employees' adoption behaviors in rejecting, adopting, using, continually using of IT, and organization culture in using IT.