• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1994

The characteristcs of monascus fermentation using a hyperpigment-producing mutant, Monascus sp. J101, were analyzed, and the extractive fermentations employing permeabilizing agents and resin were carried out to increase the productivity of red pigment. And the kinetic analysis was also carried out in case of the monascus fermentation using Amberlite XAD-7. The extracellular content of the red pigment produced by Monascus sp. J101 was about 17% of the total, and the production of pigment was regulated by its own product. The cell growth reached a stationary phase at 48 hours ofter inoculation, whereas the pigment production continued up to 100 hours, which showed the pattern of a mixed growth-associated type. During the fermentation, various permeabilizing agents were added to the culture medium and their effects on pigment production were examined. By adding 0.05% Triton X-100 at 48 hours of cultivation, about an 18% increase in pigment production was accomplished as compared to the control, 12% ethyle acetate and 15% for 0.05% deoxycholate, respectively. When a nonionic adsorbent, Amberlite XAD-7 was added to the culture medium at a concentration of 12.0% at 48 hours of cultivation, the pigment production was enhanced by about 48.9% as compared to the control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.416-429
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• 2021

Raru is a lesser-known plant species originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Information on the characteristics is still limited, especially its chemical component. Therefore, this study aims to examine the chemical composition information of Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, and Vatica pauciflora woods based on their axial log positions (bottom, middle, and top). The wood chemical analysis was performed in terms of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. Furthermore, the analysis measured holocellulose, 𝛼-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, alcohol benzene extractive content, the extractive substance in hot and water, and solubility in NaOH 1%. The results indicated that the species and their log axial positions affected different chemical components, which included 𝛼-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of C. lanceolatum amounting to 41.88%, 19.39%, and 28.68% respectively. Meanwhile, for C. Melanoxylon, they were 42.01%, 21.11%, and 24.76% respectively; and for V. pauciflora wood, they were 42.95%, 23.24%, and 30.11% respectively. The average values of the extractive contents including the solubility in 1: 2 ethanol benzene, NaOH, and hot water for C. lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon, and V. pauciflora wood were (10.58%, 27.62%, 8.13%), (14.54%, 28.22%, 7.82%), and (10.95%, 28.60%, 7.57%) respectively. The wood species had a significant effect on chemical components including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and extractive solubility in cold water. Furthermore, the axial log position had a significant effect on all the parameters of the chemical composition of the wood being tested.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2010

To elucidate the composition of extractive nitrogenous components in the fresh Capsosiphons fulvescens cultured off the southern coast of Korea, and to determine the monthly variation of these nitrogenous components, extract samples collected monthly from December to March at Jangheung-gun, Jeonnam Province were analyzed for total nitrogen, free and combined amino acids, ATP and related compounds, betaines, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and trimethylamine (TMA). The content of extractive nitrogen was 1,090~1,233 mg/100 g on dry basis. The number of 21~25 ninhydrin-positive substances was detected in the analysis of free amino acids, and their total amount was 3,710~4,788 mg/100 g on dry basis. Among them, free proline, asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine, taurine and glutamine were found to be abundant. The combined amino acids amounted to 1,573~2,121 mg/100 g in total and the total amount of ATP and related compound was 33.8~84.0 mg/100 g ($1.06{\sim}2.46\;{\mu}mol/g$) on dry basis. Betaine, glycinebetaine, $\beta$-alaninebetaine, $\gamma$-butyrobetaine, homarine and trigonelline were detected in most of samples. Levels of free and combined amino acids, ATP and related compounds fluctuated from sample to sample, with their contents higher in December and January and lower in March.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1980

주요 담수어의 정미성분을 밝힐 목적으로 가물치 배육중의 유리아미노산, 핵산관련물질, betaine, TMA, TMAO 및 총 creatinine을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 다량으로 함유된 유리아미노산은 glycine, taurine, alanine 및 lysine이고 특히 glycine 함량이 월등히 높아 전체 유리아미노산의 $63\%$를 차지 하였다. 2. 핵산관련물질 중 IMP 함량이 $2.78{\mu}mole/g$으로써 가장 많았다. 3. Betaine 함량은 $19.27mg\%$로써 낮은 편이었다 4. TMA 및 TMAO는 극미량이었다. 5. 총 creatinine 함량은 $350mg\%$로써 총엑스분질소의 $43\%$를 차지하였다. 6. 질소회수율은 약 $80\%$이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

The heartwood of cengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) is known to have a high degree of decay resistance by virtue of its high extractive content. After 30 years in ground contact an utility pole of this tropical hardwood was found to be degraded only in the surface layers by cavity-forming soft rot fungi. The present work was undertaken 1) to characterize the degradation of cengal heartwood from the aspect of ultrastructure and chemistry and 2) to investigate the correlation between soft rot decay and its extractive microdistribution in wood tissues. The chemical analysis of cengal heartwood revealed the presence of a high amount of extractives as well as lignin. The wood contained a relatively high amount of condensed lignin and the guaiacyl units. Microscopic observations revealed that vessels, fibers and parenchyma cells (both ray and axial parenchyma) all contained extractives in their lumina, but in variable amounts. The lumina of fibers and most axial parenchyma were completely or almost completely filled with the extractives. TEM micrographs showed that cell walls were also impregnated with extractives and that pit membranes connecting parenchyma cells were well coated and impregnated with extractives. However, fungal hyphae were present in the extractive masses localized in cell lumina, and indications were that the extractives did not completely inhibit fungal growth. The extent of cell wall degradation varied with tissue types. The fibers appeared to be more susceptible to decay than vessels and parenchyma. Middle lamella was the only cell wall region which remained intact in all cell types which were severely degraded. The microscopic observations suggested a close correlation between extractive microdistribution and the pattern and extent of cell wall degradation. In addition to the toxicity to fungi, the physical constraint of the extractive material present in cengal heartwood cells is likely to have a profound effect on the growth and path of invasion of colonizing fungi, thus conferring protection to wood by restricting fungal entry into cell walls. The presence of relatively high amount of condensed lignin is also likely to be a factor in the resistance of cengal heartwood to soft rot decay.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1980

한국(韓國)의 특산수종(特産樹種) 구상나무재(材)의 화학적(化学的) 조성분(組成分)을 분석조사(分析調査)하여 본바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하여 보면 아래와 같다. 1. 회분함량(灰分含量)의 범위(範囲)는 0.33~0.76%로서 평균(平均) 0.56%였다. 2. 냉수추출물(冷水抽出物)은 5.50~12.50% 범위(範囲)의 함량치(含量値)를 보였는데 평균(平均) 8.76%였다. 3. 열수추출물(熱水抽出物)은 4.80~13.65%로서 평균(平均) 10.16%의 함량치(含量値)를 보였다. 4. 염기추출물(塩基抽出物)은 최소(最少) 5.51%에서 최고(最高) 25.44%의 함량치(含量値)를 보였는데 평균(平均) 4.23%였다. 5. Alcohol-Benzol 추출물(抽出物)은 2.94~5.44%로서 평균(平均) 4.23%였다. 6. Holocellulose 함량(含量)은 73.68%에서 79.10%의 정량치(定量値)를 보였는데 평균(平均) 76.49%였다. 7. Cellulose 함량치(含量値)는 평균(平均) 56.30%로서 46.02~61.33%의 범위(範囲)였고 이중(中) ${\alpha}$-Cellulose가 78.34%, ${\beta}$-Cellulose가 7.66%, ${\gamma}$-Cellulose가 14.04%였다. 8. Klason lignin의 함량치(含量値)는 평균(平均) 25.30%로서 22.50~27.00% 의 범위(範囲)였다. 9. Pentosan 함량(含量)은 7.90~13.66%의 정량치(定量値)를 보였는데 평균(平均) 10.44%였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)하면 회분함량(灰分含量)과 각추출물(各抽出物)의 함량(含量)은 대체(大体)로 타쇠업수재(他釙業樹材)와 비슷하였고 Holl cellulose 함량(含量)은 76.49%로서 잣나무재(材)에서 보다 정량치(定量値)가 높고 소나무재(材)와는 비슷하였으며 특(特)히 Cellulose 함량 56.30% 중(中) 78.34%의 높은 ${\alpha}$-Cellulose 함량율(含量率)을 보여 우수(優秀)한 Pulp화학(化學) 공업재료(工業材料)인 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.872-882
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of bamboo oriented strand board (B-OSB) from andong (Gigantochloa psedoarundinacea) and betung (Dendrocalamus asper) with and without steam treatment. Strands were steam-treated at $126^{\circ}C$ for 1 h under 0.14 MPa pressure. The extractive content of bamboo strands before and after steam treatment were determined according to a standard (TAPPI T 204 om-88). Three-layer B-OSB with the core layer perpendicular to the surface and back layers were formed and binded with 8% of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin with the addition of 1% of wax. The evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the boards were conducted in accordance with the JIS A 5908:2003 standard. The results showed that steam treatment of bamboo strands significantly reduced the extractive content. Steam treatment tended to increase the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of B-OSB from andong and betung. The results showed that the dimensional stability and bending strength of B-OSB from betung was higher than those of andong. The internal bond strength of B-OSB from andong was higher than betung owing to a greater amount of extractives dissolved during the steam treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.202-212
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• 2017

This study was to establish the interrelation between chemical compositions and near infrared (NIR) spectra for the classification on distinguishability of domestic gymnosperms. Traditional wet chemistry methods and infrared spectral analyses were performed. In chemical compositions of five softwood species including larch (Larix kaempferi), red pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), their extractives and lignin contents provided the major information for distinction between the wood species. However, depending on the production region and purchasing time of woods, chemical compositions were different even though in same species. Especially, red pine harvested from Naju showed the highest extractive content about 16.3%, whereas that from Donghae showed about 5.0%. These results were expected due to different environmental conditions such as sunshine amount, nutrients and moisture contents, and these phenomena were also observed in other species. As a result of the principal component analysis (PCA) using NIR between five species (total 19 samples), the samples were divided into three groups in the score plot based on principal component (PC) 1 and principal component (PC) 2; group 1) red pine and Korean pine, group 2) larch, and group 3) cypress and cedar. Based on the chemical composition results, it was concluded that extractive content was highly relevant to wood classification by NIR analysis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1111-1118
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• 1996

본 연구는 토하(Caridina denticulata denticulata)의 식품학적인 우수성을 밝히기 위하여 식품성분 중 맛과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 함질소 엑스성분을 상세히 분석한 후 그 성분조정을 파악하는 한편, 이와 비교하기 위하여 바다에서 어획되는 젓새우(Acetes japonicus)에 대해서도 동일한 이화학 성분들을 분석하여 그 성분 차이를 검토함으로써 토하에 대한 맛의 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 토하는 1994년 12월부터 1995년 11월 사이에 전남 나주군에서 양식된 것을, 그리고 젓새우는 1994년 12월과 1995년 11월 전남 신안군에서 어획된 것을 시료로하여 엑스분질소, 유리아미노산, oligopeptide류, 핵산관련물질, betaine류, 4급 암모늄염기, 구아니시노화합물 등을 분석하였다. 토하는 젓새우보다 엑스분질소, 유리아미노산, oligopeptide류, 핵산관련물질의 함량이 높은 편이었고, 젓새우는 토하보다 homarine, trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine이 높은 편이었으며, creatine과 creatinine은 토하와 젓새우에서 미량으로서 큰 차이가 없었다. 토하의 중요한 유리아미노산으로는 arginine, lysine, glutamine, glutamic acid, pheylalanine, leucine, alanine, asparagine, glycine 등이었고, 젓새우의 중요한 유리아미노산은 arginine, glutamic acid, proline, glutamine, lysine, leucine, glycine, alanine, taurine 등이었다. 그리고 methionine, glutamine, valine 등은 토하와 젓새우에서 그 함량이 같은 수준이었다. 토하에서 가장 함량이 많은 핵산관련물질은 AMP였으며, 젓새우에서는 inosine이었다. 이상의 결과로부터 토하는 맛을 나타내는데 중요한 역할을 하는 대부분의 함질소 엑스성분들의 함량이 젓새우보다 높았기 때문에 식품학적으로 더 우수한 가공원료라고 판단되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1996

한국 동해안에서 어획되는 연어 Oncorhynchus keta에 대한 식품학적인 연구로서 1991년 $10\~12$월에 강원도 양양군 남대천에 올라오는 시료를 대상으로 등육의 일반성분, 엑스분 질소 및 함질소 엑스성분 즉, 유리아미노산, oligopeptide류, 핵산관련물질, guanidino화합물, 4급암모늄염기 등을 분석하여 각 성분조성을 밝히고 이들 각 성분에 대한 질소분포를 살펴보았다. 엑스분 질소 함량은 $478\~648mg$ 범위였고, 암컷은 평균 604mg으로서 수컷 537ing 보다 높았다. 유리아미노산 총량은 $1,049\~1,441mg$ 범위였으며 10월에 어획된 것은 11월, 12월에 어획된것보다 그리고 암컷은 수컷보다 그 함량이 높았다. 함량이 많고 중요한 유리아미노산으로는 anserine, taurine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine 등의 순이었으며, 특히 anserine 함량은 $724\~1,242mg$ 범위로서 엑스분 질소의 평균 $38\%$를, 그리고 유리아미노산 총량의 평균 $84\%$를 차지하였다. 또한 anserine 함량은 어획시기에 따라 차이가 많아서 10월에서 11, 12월로 경과됨에 따라 현저히 감소되었다. Oligopeptide류는 anserine이 가수분해로 생성된 $\pi-methylhistidine$과 $\beta-alanine$이 대부분을 차지 하였으며, 그 다음으로는 hydroxyproline, glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine의 순이었으나 함량은 낮았다. 핵산관련물질 총량은 $3.32\~9.22{\mu}mol/g$, 범위였으며, inosine 5'-monophosphate$(61.2\%)$와 inosine$(29.9\%)$이 $90\%$ 이상을 차지하였다. Betaine류로서는 일부시료에서 glycinebetaine $23\~43mg,\;\beta-alaninebetaine\;2\~11mg$, 그리고 homarine이 1mg 이하 검출되었다. TMAO는 $107\~148mg$ 범위였고, TMA는 $6\~11mg$으로 미량이었다. Creatine 함량은 $477\~642mg$으로서 엑스분질소의 평균 $31\%$를 차지 하였으나 creatinine은 $8\~11mg$으로서 낮았다. 엑스분중의 질소분포는 유리아미노산질소가 가장 높고 $(41.5\~50.1)$, 다음이 creatine과 creatinine$(26.0\~35.7\%)$, oligop-eptide류$(5.3\~12.3\%)$, 핵산관련물질$(3.2\~8.8\%)$, TMAO와 TMA$(3.6\~6.1\%)$, betaine류$(0.1\~0.9\%)$의 순이었다. 연어 엑스분중의 질소분포 특징은 모든 시료에서 공통적으로 anserine과 creatine이 중요한 함질소 성분으로서 엑스분 질소에 대한 양 성분질소의 비율은 anserine이 평균 $38\%$, creatine이 평균 $31\%$로서 이 두 성분만으로 엑스분질소의 $60.9\~76.5\%$에 달하였다. 분석된 성분에 의한 엑스분 질소의 회수율은 모든 시료에서 $91.4\~98.1\%$ 범위였다.