• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2021

Fusarium wilt disease of tomato plants caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL race2) is one of the most important diseases of tomatoes worldwide. In the competition between tomato and FOL, the FOL can win by overcoming the immune system of tomato plants. Resistant interaction between the FOL race2 and tomato plants is controlled by avirulence genes (AVR2) in FOL and the corresponding resistance genes (I2) in tomato plants. In this study, 7 FOL isolates (KACC) were used to test their pathogenicity, and FOL race2 was selected because it is a broad problem in Korea. The Fol40044 isolates showed the most severe pathogenicity, and the avr2 gene was also isolated and identified. Moreover, to select resistance, 20 tomato varieties were inoculated with the Fol40044, and the degree of pathogenicity was evaluated by analyzing the expression of the avr2 gene. As a result, three resistant tomato varieties (PCNUF73, PCNUF101, PCNUF113) were selected, and the expression of the avr2 gene was much lower than that of the control Heinz cultivar. This result shows that the screening assay is very efficient when the avr2 gene is used as a marker to evaluate the expression level when selecting varieties resistant to tomato wilt disease. Based on these results, it is possible to isolate the I2 gene, which exhibits resistance and molecular biological interactions with the AVR2 gene from the three tomato-resistant varieties. The I2 gene provides breeders more opportunities for Fusarium disease resistance and may contribute to our understanding of their interactions with the FOL and host plant.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2012

Anthocyanins are major plant pigment and produced through phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms of chrysanthemum flowers were studied using 'Argus' and flower color mutant 'ARTI-purple' which were induced by 40 Gy gamma irradiation ($Co^{60}$). And, three chrysanthemums, 'Ford', 'Yeonja' and 'Orando' were additionally used as the check varieties to understand the relationship between flower color and expression patterns of genes. The expression patterns of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were matched with the flower color of the check varieties. High anthocyanin concentration of 'Orando' showed the high expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. In the white flower of 'Ford', expressions of CHI, DFR and ANS were not identified. Despite different flower color, 'Argus' and 'ARTI-purple' showed different expression patterns compared with the check varieties. From the dot blot analysis, we screened the seven genes showing the different expressions between 'Argus' and 'ARTI-purple'.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate a morphological trait in 294 rice accessions including Korean breeding lines. We also carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect significant single nucleotide polymorphism markers and candidate genes affecting major agronomic traits. A Manhattan plot analysis of GWAS using morphological traits showed that phenotypic and statistical significance was associated with a chromosome in each group. The significance of SNPs that were detected in this study was investigated by comparing them with those found previously studied QTL regions related to agronomic traits. As a result, SNP (S8-19815442), which is significant with regard to leaf angle, was located in the known QTL regions. To observe gene mutations related to leaf angle in a candidate gene, Os08g31950, its sequences were compared with sequences in previously selected rice varieties. In Os08g31950, a single nucleotide mutation occurred in one region. To compare relative RNA expression levels of candidate gene Os08g31950, obtained from GWAS analysis of 294 rice accessions and related to lateral leaf angle, we investigated relative levels by selecting 10 erect leaf angle varieties and 10 horizontal leaf angle varieties and examining real-time PCR. In Os08g31950, a high level of expression and various expression patterns were observed in all tissues. Also, Os08g31950 showed higher expression levels in the erect leaf angle variety group and higher expression rates in the leaf than in the root. The candidate gene detected through GWAS would be useful in developing new rice varieties with improved yield potential through future molecular breeding.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

Low temperature stress is one of the major negative factors affecting vegetative and reproductive growth of rice. To better understand responses of rice plants to low temperature we analyzed transcriptome expression patterns in glumous flower of cold-tolerant japonica rice variety, Stejaree45, and cold-susceptible variety, HR19621-AC6 at booting stage under cold water irrigation. A total of 2,411 probes were differentially expressed by low temperature in glumous flowers of the two varieties. Some important genes involved in hormone biosynthesis showed variety-specific regulation. Expression of GA20ox3 and GA2ox, among the genes involved in GA biosynthesis, was regulated differentially in the two varieties. Among the genes involved in IAA biosynthesis, YUCCA1 and TAA1:1 showed variety-specific regulation. Among the genes involved in cytokinin biosynthsis and signaling, expression of LOG, HK1 and HK3 was significantly down-regulated only in the cold-susceptible variety. Among the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NSY and AAO3 were down-regulated only in the cold-tolerant variety. In general, genes involved in GA, IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis responded to cold temperature in such a way that capacity of those bioactive hormones is maintained at relatively higher levels under cold temperature in the cold-tolerant variety, which can help minimize cold stress imposed to developing reproductive organs in the cold-tolerant variety.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.443-450
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• 2021

Peach flesh color is commercially important criteria for classification and has implications for nutritional quality. To breed new yellow-fleshed peach cultivar many cross seedlings and generations should be maintained. Therefore it is necessary to develop early selection molecular markers for screening cross seedlings and germplasm with economically important traits to increase breeding efficiency. For the comparison of transcription profiles in peach varieties with a different flesh color expression, two cDNA libraries were constructed. Differences in gene expression between yellow-fleshed peach cultivar, 'Changhowon Hwangdo' and white-fleshed peach cultivar, 'Mibaekdo' were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Expressed sequence tag (EST) of clones from the two varieties was selected for nucleotide sequence determination and homology searches. Putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened from peach EST contigs by high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, SNP ID ppa002847m:cds and ppa002540m:cds displayed specific difference between 17 yellow-fleshed and 21 white-fleshed peach varieties. The SNP markers for distinguishing yellow and white fleshed peach varieties by HRM analysis offers the opportunity to use early selection. This SNP markers could be useful for marker assisted breeding and provide a good reference for relevant research on molecular mechanisms of color variation in peach varieties.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.11-19
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• 2020

Objective : The genus Glycyrrhiza has been used in food and traditional herbal medicine. Glycyrrhiza new varieties Wongam and Sinwongam have been developed by Korea Rural Development Administration and investigated to register on Korean Pharmacopoeia of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The aim of this study is to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of Wongam and Sinwongam comparing with listed Glycyrrhiza species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer and G. glabra Linne) for evaluations about pharmacological effect of Glycyrrhiza new varieties. Methods : We studied the immunomodulatory effect of Wongam and Sinwongam compared with G. uralensis and G. glabra using THP-1 cell in vitro model. The cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for differentiation and stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce immune activation. We analyzed and compared the effects Glycyrrhiza new varieties and listed Glycyrrhiza species using nitric oxide (NO) assay, western blot, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. 1) Results : Wongam and Sinwongam showed no cytotoxicity in THP-1 cells. Wongam and Sinwongam, and listed Glycyrrhiza species increased NO production, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression with or without LPS in differentiated THP-1 macrophages. Furthermore, Wongam and Sinwongam and listed Glycyrrhiza species upregulated the mRNA expressions of T helper type 1 (Th 1)-associated cytokines in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Conclusion : These results indicated that Wongam and Sinwongam would have effect of enhancing immune response through the increase of NO and COX-2 expression, and activate Th1-associated cytokines. The findings of this study suggest the wide applicability of Glycyrrhiza new varieties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2022

Wheat is highly susceptible to heat stress, which significantly reduces grain yield. In this study, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the transcript expression at three different time-points after heat treatment in three cultivars differing in their susceptibility to heat stress: Jopum, Keumkang, and Olgeuru. A total of 11,751, 8850, and 14,711; 10,959,7946, and 14,205; and 22,895,13,060, and 19,408 differentially-expressed genes (log2 fold-change > 1 and FDR (padj) < 0.05) were identified in Jopum, Keumkang, and Olgeuru in the control vs. 6-h, in the control vs. 12-h, and in the 6-h vs. 12-h heat treatment, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes for DEGs, such as the cellular response to heat and oxidative stress-and including the removal of superoxide radicals and the positive regulation of superoxide dismutase activity-were significantly enriched among the three comparisons in all three cultivars. Furthermore, we investigated the differential expression patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, heat shock proteins, and heat-stress transcription factors using qRT-PCR to confirm the differences in gene expression among the three varieties under heat stress. This study contributes to a better understanding of the wheat heat-stress response at the early growth stage and the varietal differences in heat tolerancea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2019

Symptoms of fig mosaic disease have been noticed on leaves of fig (Ficus carica) for several decades, in Montenegro. In 2014, leaf samples were collected from trees of six fig cultivars in a plantation located in the main fig-producing area of Montenegro, to study the disease. After RNA isolation, samples were tested by RT-PCR for detection of nine fig viruses and three viroids. Four viruses were detected: fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), fig mosaic virus (FMV), fig mild mottle-associated-virus (FMMaV) and fig badnavirus 1 (FBV-1). Most of the viruses were present in mixed infections. The amplicons of the viruses were directly sequenced from both directions. A BLAST search of these sequences revealed sequence identities with their closest counterparts at GenBank of 92, 97, 92 and 100%, for FLMaV-1, FMV, FMMaV and FBV-1, respectively. Different responses in symptom expression due to the various virus combinations detected have been demonstrated. Variety $Su{\check{s}}ilica$ had the least symptom expression, with only one virus (FBV-1) found. Considering that the production of figs in Montenegro is increasing and has a substantial relevance in this geographic location, the results indicate that more attention should be given to improving the phytosanitary condition of fig trees in the country.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.13-21
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• 2020

Objective : The genus Glycyrrhiza has been used in food and traditional herbal medicine. Many experimental studies reported that Glycyrrhiza species possess several pharmacological properties. Glycyrrhiza new varieties WONGAM and SINWONGAM have been developed by Korea Rural Development Administration doing research for registration on Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. During the evaluations about pharmacological effect of Glycyrrhiza new varieties WONGAM and SINWONGAM, we focused the anti-allergic effect in this study. Methods : We investigated the anti-allergic effect of WONGAM and SINWONGAM compared with Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer and G. glabra L. using anti-dinitrophenyl-immunoglobulin E (IgE)/human serum albumin-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells and compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis mice model. We analyzed the effect on the expression of various cytokines, and IgE from mast cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms of WONGAM and SINWONGAM in presented models. Results : WONGAM and SINWONGAM showed the inhibitory effect on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells or human mast cells without cytotoxicity. WONGAM and SINWONGAM blocked anaphylactic shock and decreased the IgE production. Furthermore, WONGAM and SINWONGAM inhibited the productions of TNF-α and IL-6 in compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis mice model. Conclusion : These results indicated that WONGAM and SINWONGAM would have protect effect on allergic responses through the inhibition of allergic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study may facilitate the development on Glycyrrhiza new varieties for allergy.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2022

Silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) were prepared in different solvents (water, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% ethanol) and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in the RAW264.7 cell line. The SPE composition was initially evaluated by determining the protein content and performing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The protein content of the different SPE ranged from 6.75-130.93 mg/g of extract. FTIR analysis exhibited distinguishable absorption peaks among the extracts and indicated the presence of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid moieties. The levels of released nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were only attenuated by 100% ethanolic SPE to 19.44% and 16.77%, respectively. The other solvent extracts were ineffective. Hence, further studies were conducted with 100% ethanolic SPE from three distinct stages of male and female silkworm pupae belonging to four silkworm varieties (Baegokjam; B, GoldenSilk; G, Juhwangjam; J, and YeonNokjam; Y). The best reduction in NO release and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels was achieved by the SPE of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam variety (32.72%) and those of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam and GoldenSilk (59.93%) varieties, respectively. The best reduction in IL-6 expression by 49.70% was achieved by SPE from female pupae of the mid-pupal stage belonging to the Baegokjam variety.