• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2007

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) with the food supplement material and medicine was used traditionally in Asia and Europe. Epidemiological studies revealed that the intake of garlic reduced incidences of various cancer including digestive system. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of garlic ethanol extract on the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male F344 rats. Five-week-old rats were given four times for two weeks to subcutaneous injections by DMH (30 mg/kg body weight) to induce ACF. The animals were divided into groups that fed diet containing garlic ethanol extract at five different doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 2, 5%), respectively, animals were evaluated for the total number of ACF and total aberrant crypts (AC) per colon detected from methylene blue-stained rat colon. ACF were formed in animals in DMH-treated group. The feeding suppressed potently the appearance ACF in the colon of rats. Especially, fed diet containing garlic ethanol extract at intermediate dose (0.5%) significantly reduced the number of ACF and AC per colon (p < 0.05). Garlic ethanol extract inhibited DMH-induced overexpression of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) and ${\beta}-catenin$ genes related to cell proliferation that also upregulated the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 mRNA, a cell cycle-regulating gene. These results suggested that garlic ethanol extract may inhibit ACF formation, ${\beta}-catenin$ gene as the early preneoplastic marker of malignant potential in the process of colon carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.271-284
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dried powders and water extracts of Paecilomyces tenuipes(P. tenuipes) and Cordyceps militaris(C. militaris) on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative capacity and immune status in rats. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 195$\pm$21g were grouped into five according to body weight. Ratw were raised for four weeks with diet containing either 4%, 2%(w/w) of dried P. tenuipes powders(TP-4, TP-2) or water extracts from equal amounts of each 4% P. tenuipes and C. militaris powder(TE-4, ME-4). Food intake, weight gain of all groups were not significantly different from those of control group. Lipid metabolism in general was not significantly different among all the groups. However both dried P. tenuipes powder lowered plasma cholesterol level slightly, water extract groups showed tendency of higher plasma HDL-cholesterol and lower liver cholesterol levels than control. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentrations of all the experimental groups were lower than control group. Red blood cell(RBC) and liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities were not generally different among all groups. Liver xanthine oxidase(XOD) activities of all groups were tended to be lower than control group. Proliferation of aplenocytes induced by mitogens, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, were increased in TP-2 group. The TP-4 group showed increased CD8 T cells and MHC class II expression without changes in CD4 T cells, B cells and G/M ratio, suggesting activated cytotoxic T cell activity in vivo. Increase of G/M ratio but not of MHC class II in TP-2 group indicated the possible acute inflammatory reaction by the ingested substances in gastrointestinal tract. ME-4 group showed enhanced cellular immunity without vigorous changes of immune parameters in brief periods. In conclusion, both P. tenuipes and C. militaris stimulated antioxidant capacity and immune status in rats. Among groups, water extract of C. militaris was most effective in both capacities, though dried powder of P. tenuipes at 2% dietary level was more effective in antioxidant activity, as various results by different strains were observed.(Korean J Nutrition 34(3) : 271~284, 2001)

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2018

노랑붓꽃에서 분리된 iridin의 doxorubicin으로 유도된 신장 세포괴사 모델에 대한 보호 효과 및 암세포에 대한 작용을 알아보기위해 연구를 수행하였다. Iridin 단일 처리로는 신장근위세뇨관 세포주에 대해 독성을 나타내지 않았으며, $80{\mu}M$의 농도에서 $10{\mu}M$ doxorubicin 처리에 의한 세포사멸을 $94.6{\pm}2.6%$까지 회복시켰다. 또한 $80{\mu}M$ iridin 처리는 $10{\mu}M$ doxorubicin 처리에 의해 증가된 cleaved PARP1과 cleaved caspase-3를 포함하는 세포사멸 신호전달을 차단하였을 뿐만 아니라 DNA fragmentation, necrotic cell death 및 mitochondrial dysfunction을 개선시켰다. 마지막으로 암세포에서 iridin의 효과를 확인해본 결과, 폐암세포주인 NCI-H1229 세포에서 doxorubicin의 항암효과를 억제하는 경향이 나타났지만 대장암 세포주인 HCT-116 세포주에서는 암세포에 대한 성장억제를 방해하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 폐암세포에서 doxorubicin과 iridin의 병용처리는 힘들다고 판단되고, In vivo 수준에서 신장 독성 및 대장암 관련 실험을 통해 iridin의 역할을 추가적으로 확인해야한다고 생각된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

Objectives : Recently, numerous studies reported that excessive generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulated expression of skin wrinkle related proteins. This study aimed to evaluate inhibits skin wrinkle formation effect of Mori Folium (MF) through decreased AGEs. Methods : To evaluate the skin wrinkle inhibition effect of MF, SD-rats were divided into three groups; normal rats (Nor), AGEs-induced rats (Con), AGEs-induce rats treated with MF at dose of 100mg/kg body weight (MF). To induced AGEs, streptozotocin (50mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, and after 3 days, 100mM methyl glyoxal was administered orally for 3 weeks. After the experiment, the animal's dorsal skin tissues and serum were separated and tested. Results : The oral administration of MF suppressed the AGEs level in serum. Also, the AGEs in skin tissues was significantly reduced through treatment of MF compared with control group. Moreover, the expressions of AGEs related proteins such as polyclonal anti-$N^e$-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), anti-$N^e$-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), AGE receptors (RAGE) were reduced in MF group compared with the control group in kidney and skin tissues. The matrix metallo proteinase-1 (MMP-1) reduced by MF treatment with the result that collagen type 1 alpha 2 (COL1A2) was improved that reduced by accumulation of AGEs. Conclusion : The evidence of this study indicate that oral administration of MF reduces the levels of AGEs in serum, skin, and kidney tissues. In conclusion, MF inhibit skin wrinkle formation, suggesting the potential of anti-wrinkle material.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.955-961
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• 1997

흡연의 주성분중의 하나인 니코틴은 인체내에 다양한 전신적 및 국소적인 질환의 원인으로 보고 되어지고 있다. 전신적인 질환에 있어 특히, 호흡기와 순환기 조직세포에 대한 세포분열효과가 많은 연구의 초점이 되어왔으며, 국소적인 효과에 대한 연구에서는 조직파괴나 치료후 치유지연에 대해 보고하고 있다. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor(PDGF)와 Insulin-like Growth Factor(IGF)는 치주인대세포의 세포분열을 촉진하는 주요 성장인자로 알려져있다. 본 연구의 목적은 니코틴이 사람의 치주인대세포에 미치는 세포분열효과를 알아보기 위하여 니코틴 처리된 치주인대세포로부터 추출한 PDGF-${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ receptor 및 IGF-l 수용기의 mRNA변화를 Northern분석을 이용해 확인해 보고자 함이다. 실험군은 각기 다른 농도의 니코틴(100ng/ml, 1000mg/ml)과 배양액내 혈청농도($1\%,\;10\%$)로 나누었으며 이를 각각 니코틴 처리 시간에 따라 분류하였다. 본연구의 결과로 $10\%$ 혈청의 배양액과 100ng/ml 니코틴 농도군에서 모든 성장인자 수용체의 mRNA가 증가됨을 보였으며 이는 흡연자의 체내 축적 가능한 니코틴 농도에서 치주인대세포의 세포분열을 촉진한다는 추측을 가능케 한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

자색고구마 열수추출물의 간 보호 기능을 확인하기 위해 C57BL/6 마우스를 사용하여 시험하였다. 지방간 유도를 위해 8주간 고지방/콜레스테롤 식이를 급여하였으며, 자색고구마 열수추출물은 1.25, 2.5, 5%의 수준으로 식이에 함께 넣어 같은 기간 동안 제공하였다. 간 조직의 병리학적 분석, 혈장 ALT 활성도, 간 및 혈장의 TC 수준을 바탕으로 비알콜성 지방간 모델이 형성되었음을 확인하였다. 고지방/콜레스테롤 식이의 급여는 식이섭취량을 감소시켜 총 에너지 섭취량은 시험군간 차이가 없었으나, 포화지방을 급원으로 하였을 때 지방세포의 비대와 혈장 TC, 간 TC, 간의 지방구를 증가시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 한편 자색고구마 열수추출물을 고지방/콜레스테롤 식이와 함께 섭취시킨 결과, 고지방/콜레스테롤 식이로 인한 지질대사 이상을 유의하게 변화시키지 못해 혈액 및 간 손상 지표를 개선시키지 못하였으나, 지방조직의 크기는 작게 유지하고 간의 지방구 형성은 억제하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 자색고구마 열수추출물은 지질대사 개선을 통해 간 보호 효과를 갖음을 알 수 있었다. 향후에는 자색고구마 열수추출물이 지방세포-간의 상호 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 추가적으로 연구해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

Pain is an unpleasant sensation experienced when tissues are damaged. Thus, pain sensation in some way protects body from imminent threat or injury. Peripheral sensory nerves innervated to peripheral tissues initially respond to multiple forms of noxious or strong stimuli, such as heat, mechanical and chemical stimuli. In response to these stimuli, electrical signals for conducting the nociceptive neural signals through axons are generated. These action potentials are then conveyed to specific areas in the spinal cord and in the brain. Sensory afferent fibers are heterogeneous in many aspects. For example, sensory nerves are classified as $A{\alpha}$, $-{\beta}$, $-{\delta}$ and C-fibers according to their diameter and degree of myelination. It is widely accepted that small sensory fibers tend to respond to vigorous or noxious stimuli and related to nociception. Thus these fibers are specifically called nociceptors. Most of nociceptors respond to noxious mechanical stimuli and heat. In addition, these sensory fibers also respond to chemical stimuli [Davis et al. (1993)] such as capsaicin. Thus, nociceptors are considered polymodal. Recent advance in research on ion channels in sensory neurons reveals molecular mechanisms underlying how various types of stimuli can be transduced to neural signals transmitted to the brain for pain perception. In particular, electrophysiological studies on ion channels characterize biophysical properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. Furthermore, molecular biology leads to identification of genetic structures as well as molecular properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. These ion channels are expressed in axon terminals as well as in cell soma. When these channels are activated, inward currents or outward currents are generated, which will lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane causing increased or decreased excitability of sensory neurons. In order to depolarize the membrane of nerve terminals, either inward currents should be generated or outward currents should be inhibited. So far, many cationic channels that are responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons are introduced recently. Activation of these channels in sensory neurons is evidently critical to the generation of nociceptive signals. The main channels responsible for inward membrane currents in nociceptors are voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels, while outward current is carried mainly by potassium ions. In addition, activation of non-selective cation channels is also responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons. Thus, excitability of neurons can be controlled by regulating expression or by modulating activity of these channels.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.109-120
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• 2021

Protein hydrolysates and krill meal (KM) are used as protein sources in aquafeeds. The study was conducted to examine the supplemental effects of shrimp protein hydrolysates (SH) or KM in a high-plant-protein diet for red seabream (Pagrus major). A fish meal (FM)-based diet (40%) was considered as the high-FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing 25% FM and soy protein concentrate, in the expense of FM protein from HFM diet, was considered as the low fish meal (LFM) diet. Two other experimental diets (SH and KM) were prepared by including SH and KM into LFM diet at 5% inclusion levels in exchange of 5% FM from the LFM diet. A feeding trial was conducted for fifteen weeks using triplicate group of fish (Initial mean body weight, 8.47 ± 0.05 g) for a diet. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish were significantly enhanced by HFM, KM and SH supplemented diets over those of fish fed LFM diet. Interestingly, these parameters of fish fed SH diet showed better performance than KM and HFM groups. Liver IGF-I expression of fish fed SH diet was comparable to HFM group and higher than KM and LFM diets. Protein digestibility of SH diet was significantly higher than KM, HFM, and LFM diets. Dry matter digestibility of SH diet was comparable to HFM diet and significantly higher than KM and LFM diets. Nitro blue tetrazolium and superoxide dismutase activities of HFM, SH and KM groups were significantly elevated than the LFM group and SH diet increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities of fish compared to KM and LFM groups. Hemoglobin level and hematocrit of fish fed SH and KM diets were significantly higher than LFM group. A diet containing 20% FM with KM is comparable to a HFM diet which contains 40% FM for red seabream. SH can be used to replace FM from red seabream diet down to 20% and fish performance can be improved better than a diet containing 40% FM. Overall, it seems that SH is more effective ingredient in red seabream diet compared to KM.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.51-65
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was built to investigate the effect of Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture on the Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of Bovine type II collagen solution into base of tail. Experimental group were divided into 5 groups ; Normal(N) group, Control(C) group, Trachelospermi Caulis high(TH) group, Trachelospermi Caulis low(TL) group, Saline(S) group(n=7 for each group). Normal group was had no management. Control group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken no treatment. Trachelospermi Caulis high group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken high-intensity(10mg/kg) herbal-acupuncture treatment on $ST_{36}$. Trachelospermi Caulis low group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken low-intensity(5mg/kg) herbal-acupuncture treatment on $ST_{36}$. Saline group was injected with Bovine type II collagen solution and taken saline injection on $ST_{36}$. Body weight, paw edema volume and ankle joint thickness were measured during experimental day. On the last experimental day, we analyzed WBC count, TNF-$\alpha$ & IL-$1{\beta}$ concentration, c-fos immunohistochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry for evaluating the effect of Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture. Results : The results were as follows ; 1. In the change of paw edema volume, TH group only has significant difference compared with C group. 2. In the change of ankle joint thickness, TH group only has significant difference compared with C group. 3. In WBC count of serum, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 4. In TNF-$\alpha$ concentration of effusion, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with TL group. 5. In IL-$1{\beta}$ concentration of effusion, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with TL group. 6. In c-fos positive neurons of S1S2(cortex) region, TH, TL, S groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 7. In NADPH-d positive neurons of CPu(caudate putamen) region, TH, TL groups have significant decrease compared with C group. 8. In NADPH-d positive neurons of Tfp(transverse fibers of pons) region, TH, TL, S groups have significant decrease compared with C group. and TH group has significant decrease compared with S group. Conclusions : According to above results, we hope that Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture may have the effect that decreases progression and development of CIA. And it can be suggested that Trachelospermi Caulis herbal-acupuncture may reduce the expression of c-fos and NOS.

• 인삼문화
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• 제2권
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

본고에서는 유래가 다른 상고사서의 상호 해석과 검증을 통하여, 위서(僞書)로 의심 받아 왔던 『부도지』, 『환단고기』, 『규원사화』의 기록이 논리적으로 실제 기록일 수 있음을 입증하였고, 『사기』 및 『열자』의 중국사서에도 등장하는 전설적인 '불로장생약'의 실체가 고려 인삼임을 밝혔다. 나아가 핵심 서적인 『부도지』의 인류이동 설명에 부합하는 Y 염색체 인류이동 지도를 참조하여, 각 인류 집단의 생활상을 기반으로 사상체질의 형성과 동남아인에 대한 고려인삼 열감문제의 기원이, 역사적 또는 과학적 관점에서 PPT유형 진세노사이드로 인한 체질문제로 추정하였다. 이 문제의 해결이 홍삼제조시의 PPT유형에 비하여 상대적으로 높은 함량의 PPD유형 진세노사이드 생산으로 해결되며, 또한 홍삼제조시 홍삼다당체의 함량 증가로, 홍삼다당체, PPD유형 진세노사이드, 원래 고려인삼에 다량 포함된 아르기닌에 의하여, 신체 내 '열충격단백질'의 발현이 증가되는 방법임을 설명함으로써, 고려 홍삼의 '아답토젠' 또는 '장생불사약'으로서의 효능을 과학적으로 해석할 수 있는 이론을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 미국삼(서양삼)과 고려인삼의 생육환경에 대한 고찰을 통하여, 그 차이점을 제시하였다.