• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.349-368
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the characteristics of Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries and the change of participation in global value chains. Since 1960s, Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries have been developed under government's industrial policies. In 1980s Korean petroleum and petrochemical industries served as a key export-oriented industry) of Korea's national economic development. Based on the expansion of large-scale production facilities led by the private sectors from the end of 1980s, Korea became as a major country in the global petroleum and petrochemical industries. Under Korean domestic scale, it shows considerable spatial concentration, in Ulsan Metropolitan City, Yeosu City and Seosan City. However, the degree of spatial concentration is differentiated along the each sectors within the petroleum and petrochemical industry. To improve regional industry competitiveness, each region has adopted different strategies and shifted to structural upgrading and producting high value-added products. Changes in the structure within petroleum and the petrochemical industries at the national level caused a change in the structure of Korea's participation in GVC, but the domestic value-added is lower than that of its major competitors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.7-15
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• 2003

China is expected to experience rapid increase in container traffic due to the joining to WTO and the fast economic growth. However, logistics-related infrastructure such as sea port is very poor and the capacity is lagging far behind the demand, resulting in transferring around 70% of import and export cargo volume at ports in adjoining countries such as Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan. Recently, China announced a huge project of developing an offshore port consisting of 52 berths, 30km away from Shanghai with a connecting bridge. As such plan seems to have a significant impact on the port of Pusan which tries to be a Hub port in Far East Asia, we need to scrutinize the plan. This paper, therefore, tries to examine Shanghai New Port Plan, to evaluate the feasibility and potential competitiveness, and to analyze the impact on Pusan port. For this, we review the situation of major container ports in China and the flow pattern of container traffic to and from Pusan port. We then examine the feasibility of the proposed offshore port with respect to demand and supply for container terminal, weather condition, hinterland connection and resource of investment.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-94
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of vertical fragmentation of regional industries in Korea using Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) and Average Propagation Length (APL). First of all, the competitiveness in regional export and substitution of regional imports were strong in the Electricity, Gas, and Water supply sector in Gyeongnam, and consumer-oriented Manufacturing sector in Incheon, Gyeongnam, and Gwangju. The high values of the APL were also found in the regions with common similarity with respect to the industrial structure and the sectors with indirect effects. In addition, the industrial sectors with high quality of infrastructure, and endowed services tended to be located in the beginning of the production chain. FInally, since manufacturing and service sectors in Seoul has higher APL, they could lead the growth of other related industries as key sectors, in the production fragmentation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.413-440
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• 2010

Since 2000, as importance of sourcing energy emphasized caused by instability of international oil price, interests toward Caspian countries as an alternative markets has increased. Especially, Azerbaijan, as middle Asian emerging exporting country, has performed drastic economic boom because of massive amount of foreign capital flowed in and construction of BTC pipeline. However, despite this economic surge, there are unbalanced economy which is merely focusing on energy industry and pressure from increase in real exchange rate and inflation. In order to analyze the sustainability of Azerbaijan economy, the total sample time period of this paper is from January 2001 to December 2007 and the term is divided into before and after BTC line construction. Vector Error-Correction Model has been applied to analysis confirming short-term and long-term effect. As a result, Azerbaijan now face the symptoms of the recession during the time period and this is due to high oil price and increase in export influenced by BTC oil pipeline resulting in decrease in real interest rate. This conclusion is to affect competitiveness of manufacturing industry, base industry for economic proliferation, in a negative way.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.35-46
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• 2015

Improvement in domestic poultry production has a positive effect on the export competitiveness of the poultry industry. However, overproduction and enlargement of facilities to assure a supply increase a stocking density which make a poor environment in the broiler house. In particular, an intensive rearing environment is vulnerable to dust control that causes respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis, etc., to farmers and broilers. However, monitoring data and research for environment control are not adequate, and there are no air quality regulations in broiler houses in Korea. In this study, TSP, PM10, inhalable dust and respirable dust concentration were monitored according to season, age of broiler and broiler's activities. Air quality assessment was also performed in accordance with the threshold limit value by Donham et al. (2000). The TSP concentrations were 77.5 %, 219.7 % higher and PM10 concentrations were 121.2 %, 303.8 % higher when change of season and winter respectively than summer. There were significantly different concentrations according to season and age of broiler. Inhalable and respirable dust concentration were also clearly different according to the season and age of broiler. A high dust concentration was observed, specifically exceeding the threshold limit by 119 % in the winter. In the case of the broiler's motion was activity according to worker's access into the broiler house, concentration level was 769.6 % higher than broiler's motion was stable and exceeded the threshold limit. These results suggest that the worker should put on protective equipment to protect there's respiratory health in the broiler house.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.431-465
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• 2011

Focusing on open innovation which is regarded as an important framework for strengthening technological innovation capabilities, in this study empirical analysis is conducted on Korean manufacturing companies, particularly based on the survey results of 149 domestic manufacturing companies that carry out innovation activities in order to identify influence factors for open innovation activities. Analysis on the influence factors of open innovation activities categorized into characteristics of environment, firm-specific characteristics, and characteristics of institutions revealed that characteristics of environment in terms of the degree of market competition and technological changes influence outside-in open innovation activities. Such results suggest that companies respond to increased market competition or technological changes by promoting research and development (R&D) and maintaining or acquiring market competitiveness through introduction of external technology and utilization of external information by means of research collaboration, user innovation, and so on. In terms of firm-specific characteristics, outside-in open innovation activities are influence by R&D personnel, R&D investment, number of international business, export, and openness of corporate culture while inside-out open innovation activities are influenced by characteristics of international organization and CEO's capabilities. In order for companies to strengthen outside-in open innovation activities emphasis on research personnel, R&D input factors such as research funds are necessary whereas to increase inside-out open innovation activities organization solely responsible for international affairs should be established while the CEO needs to focus on open and cooperative entrepreneurship rather than internal technological innovation activities. In terms of characteristics of institutions, outside-in innovation activities are influenced by technological networking whereas inside-out innovation activities are influenced by networking for development of technology and the presence in industrial cluster. This means that the government needs to establish industrial clusters and try to expand technological networking to facilitate open innovation activities.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.463-484
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• 2011

The survey was conducted by Chinese students who currently attend universities for the purpose of evaluating factors that determine the quality of educational services of universities in Korea. Three public universities and five private universities in Kyungsang province were surveyed for the purpose of this study with standardized questionnaires. The study raised questions on four different fronts: 1) Is there a difference in the importance of evaluation factors by Chinese student's on the quality of educational services between public universities and private ones? 2) Is there a difference in the degree of satisfaction felt by Chinese students who attend public universities or private ones? 3) Are there any significant differences in the importance of evaluation factors and satisfaction with the quality of educational services? 4) How different the relative influence of evaluation factors has on satisfaction with the quality of educational services for overall Korean university system? The results of this study showed that there was no statistical difference in signification in the importance of evaluation factors on the quality of educational services between public universities and private universities. Only the relationship factor in criteria four had an effect on satisfaction with quality of educational services between public and private universities. There were significant differences in the importance of evaluation factors and satisfaction with the quality of educational services. Chinese students determined that professor's lectureship as the most important factor, and is the ultimate deciding factor whether they attend a public or private university. It should be noted that studying and knowledge are primary concerns to them. Improvements in the quality of educational services in area of lectureship, physical education facilities, relationship, and administrative services are essential and crucially important for Korean universities in order to attract foreign students and to enhance their competitiveness in the global setting.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.3-23
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• 2016

In this study, we used actual proof analysis, based on SVAR model according to economy theory, to observe the impact of actual and financial market of Korea, Japan, and China that have adopted quantitative easing export based strategy of growth, an unconventional monetary policy of the U.S. As a result of estimation, it appears that real effective exchange rate rise shock of Korea, Japan, and China against U.S. dollar has a negative influence on current account and index of industrial product, which are real economy. It can be implied that the result is driven from the fact that strong home currency of Korea, Japan, and China decreases price competitiveness of exports, causing negative influence on real economy. The real effective exchange rate shock against U.S. dollar appeared to decrease national bond rate of Korea and Japan, while increasing that of China. In instances of Korea and Japan, it is implied that national bond rate decreases as foreigner investment funds flow in, considering foreign-exchange profit through advanced financial market with high opening extent. On the other hand, because there are strong regulation on opening extent of Chinese financial markets, the influence seems to be greater for domestic policy, rather than a foreign influence. Lastly, Korea showed a more dramatic variable reaction to exchange rate shock compared to Japan or China. It is implied from the result that Korea is relatively more susceptible and fragile in regards of international status of economic size and currency.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2022

This study compared and analyzed Japan and China, two major competitors to Korea, in the male cosmetics market, which has been shifted dramatically by the outbreak of COVID-19, with implications for the ASEAN market in mind. Questionnaire copies collected from 300 men in Generation MZ living in Korea, China, and Japan were used for analysis, and SPSS 21.0 was used to conduct a statistical analysis of the collected questionnaires. The following are this study's results: First, this study identified their purchase behaviors. The average amount of money the male respondents spent on buying cosmetics was below KRW 30,000 in Korea, China, and Japan. Functionality and texture ranked as top factors contributing to cosmetics purchases in all the three countries. Second, with regard to brands preferred by the respondents, Korea and China were open to foreign brands, while Japan mostly preferred its domestic brands. Functionality and texture ranked as top factors contributing to cosmetics purchase in all the three countries. Second, with regard to brands preferred by the respondents, Korea and China were open to foreign brands, while Japan mostly preferred its domestic brands. Third, this study found changes in the use of cosmetics since the outbreak of COVID-19. The respondents' biggest skin concern since COVID-19 was acne in Korea and Japan and increased sebum excretion in China. Concerns about sebum were commonly ranked high across the three countries. Based on these results, this study is suggested as a reference to improve the export competitiveness of Korean male cosmetics in the ASEAN market.