• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.361-404
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• 2023

This study utilized a cross-temporal meta-analysis to explore shifts in self-efficacy levels among Korean college students from 1999 to 2022. We expected that increases in authoritative parenting styles, narcissism levels among students, and individualism in Korea might have positively influenced the self-efficacy of college students over the years. Conversely, growing economic disparities, decreasing class mobility, and the increasing instability of job markets might have had negative effects on self-efficacy. To investigate this, we analyzed 293 self-efficacy studies involving Korean college students published between 1999 and 2022, encompassing a total of 88,904 participants. Our criteria included studies that used the three most prevalent self-efficacy scales in Korea, focused solely on Korean college students, were cross-sectional with a one-time self-efficacy measurement, and provided essential statistics for our analysis. The results indicated no significant change in the self-efficacy levels of Korean college students over the observed period from 1999 to 2022. Additionally, we examined correlations between self-efficacy and various social indicators from different time points (20, 15, 10, and 5 years prior, as well as the year of data collection). Findings revealed that both birth rate and consumer price fluctuation rate were consistently negatively correlated with self-efficacy, while gross national income was positively correlated. This study is the first to assess Korean college students' self-efficacy levels using a cross-temporal meta-analysis, offering foundational knowledge for implementing such analytical methods for subsequent research and providing an indirect assessment of the generational gap theory. Finally, the limitations of the study and the direction for future research were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-95
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• 1987

In line with the continued growth of car ownership, the traffic problems in central area of metropoles such as Seoul would become increasingly degraded. comparing with most western cities, the problems in Seoul are characterized by the improportionately high rates of intersection delay, station congestion, traffic accidents caused by weaving conflicts and pedestrian congestion. It is caused by the lack of flexibility I street network, which is prerequisite for upholding the efficacy of traffic management and control, resulted from the simplicity of network graph in terms of connectivity, street density and distribution by width. This pattern has been resulted from the prolonged policy pursuing the street-widening of the nagging bottleneck in such a short period since the 1950s, comparing that most western cities had undergone over several centuries an age of horse-and-vehicle transportation. In order to improve the expected traffic problems in central area over the coming periods of motorization, it is imperative to restructure the street network in Central Seoul so that the efficacy of traffic management and control may be operative. Based upon the long-range planning the street network should be restructured by stages so that cenral traffic may be controled by one-way operation and most through-traffic be detoured around fringe area.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.342-354
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to estimate the effectiveness of an intervention program using the trans-theoretical model on the stages of change, the process of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, the levels of medication adherence, and blood pressure difference. Methods: A similar experiment was conducted using a nonequivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The study subjects were 108 hypertensive patients. The program was administered to the experimental group while educational materials were given to the control group. Descriptive analysis, 2-test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were used with SPSS 17.0 to analyze collected data. Results: After treatment with this program, the experimental group showed stage of change ($x^2=52.917$, p<.001), cognitive (F=13,528, p<.001), behavioral process of change (F=10.808, p<.001), benefits (F=5.569, p=.012), loss of medication adherence (F=15.661, p<.001), self-efficacy (F=5.407, p=.011), levels of medication adherence (F=51.442, p<.001). Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in the experimental group who participated in the TTM medication adherence intervention program. Given that this intervention program motivated and stimulated hypertensive patients to adhere to the prescribed medications, the TTM medication adherence intervention program is expected to be an effective and practical intervention method for health improvement.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.154-159
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• 2010

Single-sustainer driving is an AC PDP driving scheme to reduce the circuitry by maintaining the sustain electrode at ground level. To date, however, the research on the discharge characteristics in such driving scheme is insufficient. In this study, the panel performance and discharge characteristics of the single-sustainer driving scheme were observed while varying the address electrode condition. In single-sustainer driving, the address electrode is strongly involved in the sustain discharge when the former is maintained at ground level, and the dependence of the luminous efficacy on the sustain voltage is different from that in the conventional driving scheme. The dependence of the luminous efficacy on the sustain voltage appeared similar, however, to that in the conventional driving scheme when the address electrode was floated in single-sustainer driving. In the investigation of the temporal evolution of the sustain discharge using an IICCD camera, it was found that the sustain discharge in single-sustainer driving with a floating address electrode is similar to that in the conventional driving scheme, and the strong plasma formation region was located in the vicinity of the MgO surface, which seems to be related to the lifetime of a PDP with single-sustainer driving. In the investigation of the operation characteristics, the PDP that was operated with a floated address electrode showed a narrower dynamic operation margin, but a longer lifetime was expected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.1-4
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• 1998

Impaired insulin action in Type 2 diabetes is thought to lead to hyperglycemia, with both environmental and complex genetic factors playing key roles. Although the primary lesion in Type 2 diabetes is unknown, a number of studies suggest that metabolic defects in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat, and pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells contribute to the disease. These metabolic abnormalities are characterized by the overproduction of hepatic glucose, impaired insulin secretion, and peripheral insulin resistance. In current pharmacological treatment of Type 2 diabetes, sulfonylurea (SU) drugs have mainly been used as oral hypoglycemic drugs to stimulate endogenous insulin secretion from ${\beta}$ cells. SU drugs, however, sometimes aggravate the disease by causing fatigue of the pancreatic ${\beta}$ cells, which leads to reduced drug efficacy after long-term treatment. This class of drugs also leads to enhanced obesity arising from the stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion in obese Type 2 diabetic patients, plus an increased incidence of SU-induced hypoglycemia. Since 1980, a major challenge has been made by us to develop a potential pharmacological therapy for the treatment of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and/or suppression of abnormal hepatic glucose production in Type 2 diabetic patients. Such a drug would be expected to have fewer side effects and retain long-term efficacy.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2014

The objective of this research is to find out the factors affecting adoption of Internet banking in India. The data is based upon a survey of 150 bank customers using a convenience sampling technique with the aid of a structured self-administered questionnaire. The research model was analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The recommended procedures have been tested which is measurement model and structural model. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Risk, Image, Results Demonstrability, Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norm were influence intention to use Internet banking. However, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Credibility and Computer Self Efficacy were not influence intention to use Internet banking. The findings of this study are expected to be of great use to the bank marketers. An understanding of the factors identified in this study allows bank managers to direct efforts and resources in the most effective and efficient way to increase bank business in the long run and encourage their bank customer's to adopt Internet banking. Moreover, this paper contributes to the empirical literature of diffusion of financial innovations, particularly Internet banking in a developing country, such as India.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.27
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• pp.1-30
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• 2008

The objective of this paper is to gain a better understanding of factors influencing digital piracy and the use of paid services on the web. A model identifying and describing various factors which affect decision$\sim$makers' attitude toward sharing digital products and online behavioral intentions is constructed based on established theories of human behavior. The relationship between the continuous intention of sharing the products and the intention to use online services is also discussed. Findings show that a independent relationship exists between illegal and legal behaviors, which means stopping piracy by individuals can not lead to their buying of the products. Also while the attitude toward piracy was significantly related to the continuous intention of piracy behaviors, did not necessarily lead to the use intention of online services. The data also show that beliefs concerning consequences of digital piracy were significant enough to alter one's behavioral attitude. There was a significant relationship between perceived consequences and the intention to pirate digital products or to use paid services. The results also show that while the effect of economical and ethical factors were ascertained, that of social and legal factors have not been found. Self$\sim$efficacy has a moderating effect on the relationship between the attitude toward piracy and both intentions of online behavior. The implications of the findings to research and practice are discussed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.478-485
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• 2007

Purpose: The study was done to investigate factors in mothers related to their intention to get additional vaccination for their children aged $4{\sim}6$ years. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 858 mothers conveniently selected from a public health center in Seoul. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: The mothers got a high of 2.08 marks on intention to get additional vaccination. The intention was positively correlated to attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and negatively to perceived barriers, parenting stress. The most significant variables was attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and those three variables explained 42.7% of mother's intention for additional vaccination. Conclusion: The above mentioned findings were identified as significant factors affecting mother's intention for additional vaccination. The findings are expected to make a positive contribution to creating an ideal intervention and to promoting an increased vaccination rate.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2009

Acute otitis media (AOM) and pneumonia are among the most common infectious diseases of children. Both are mucosal infections and share many common features such as etiological agents, pathogenesis and immunity. Influenza plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AOM and pneumonia. A vaccine against influenza may have substantial impact on these diseases during the influenza season. In clinical trials, influenza vaccine has reduced the incidence of AOM and pneumonia complicating influenza in children. However, the efficacy of vaccines has been controversial in children less than 2 years of age. Similarly, vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), both common causes of AOM and pneumonia, have the potential to reduce the impact of disease. Clinical trials showed that the currently licensed 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), administered during infancy, had an efficacy of 6-7% for the prevention of AOM, however, visits to the clinic for AOM were reduced by up to 20-30% after routine use in the U.S. Both Hib and PCVs have a proven effectiveness of >20% for prevention of radiologically confirmed pneumonia in children. The recently introduced pnuemococcal vaccine conjugated with protein D is expected to reduce AOM and pneumonia caused by non-typable H. influenzae, in addition to its effects on pneumococcal diseases. Considering their high incidence in children, recent achievements in the prevention of AOM and pneumonia with vaccines may have a significant economic and social impact.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.324-332
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• 2019

Purpose: Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in childhood. Hospital nurses, who are the first to recognize seizures in epilepsy patients in the ward environment, possess expertise related to epilepsy and play a central role in epilepsy management. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm-based education program and to improve nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy related to providing nursing care to children with epilepsy. Methods: The education program consisted of lectures on the definition, cause, classification, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing of epilepsy based on a booklet, as well as practice using an algorithm for nursing interventions when a child experiences a seizure. Twenty-seven nurses working at pediatric neurological wards and a pediatric emergency room participated in the education program. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the paired t-test. Results: Nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy showed a statistically significant improvement after participation in the education program on nursing care for children with epilepsy. Conclusion: The application of this education program for hospital setting is expected to improve nurses' capability to care for children with epilepsy, thereby contributing to a higher quality of nursing.