• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2017

Background: We investigated the impact of financial compensation on patients' decision of participation in clinical trials and the related factors with patients' attitudes and considerations. Methods: A survey questionnaire was placed from October 31 to November 16, 2017 to the subjects who were enrolled in the trials of chronic diseases. Patients' socio-demographic characteristics were collected and the potential reasons for participating in the trials were assessed using 5-likert scores. Results: Sixty eight of 110 respondents (61.8%) indicated to participate clinical trials regardless of financial compensation. The differences were found between patients who were unwilling to participate without compensation and those who were willing to participate regardless of compensation in mean ages (43.9 years vs. 52.0 years, p<0.05), marital status (married, 47.6% vs 79.4%, p<0.01), religions (yes, 45.2% vs 67.6%, p<0.05) and monthly income (${\geq}3$ million won, 19.0% vs 45.6%, p<0.01). The potential reasons for participation in the trials between two groups were doctor's suggestion (52.4% vs. 77.9%, p<0.01), the expectation of health improvement (54.8% vs. 73.5%, p<0.05), the types and numbers of procedure (33.3% vs. 16.2%, p<0.05) and the duration of clinical trials (59.5% vs. 27.9%, p=0.001). In regression analysis, the monthly income of ${\geq}3$ million won (odd ratio, OR=3.221, p=0.026,) and the duration of trials (OR=0.290, p=0.017) were related to the group with the willingness to participate regardless of compensation. Conclusion: This stady showed that more than half of study subjects would participate in the clinical trials of chronic diseases regardless of financial compensation.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.112-121
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• 1997

In this paper, we study a model parameter compensation method for noise-robust speech recognition. We study model parameter compensation on a sentence by sentence and no other informations are used. Parallel model combination(PMC), well known as a model parameter compensation algorithm, is implemented and used for a reference of performance comparision. We also propose a modified PMC method which tunes model parameter with an association factor that controls average variability of gaussian mixtures and variability of single gaussian mixture per state for more robust modeling. We obtain a re-estimation solution of environmental variables based on the expectation-maximization(EM) algorithm in the cepstral domain. To evaluate the performance of the model compensation methods, we perform experiments on speaker-independent isolated word recognition. Noise sources used are white gaussian and driving car noise. To get corrupted speech we added noise to clean speech at various signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). We use noise mean and variance modeled by 3 frame noise data. Experimental result of the VTS approach is superior to other methods. The scheme of the zero order VTS approach is similar to the modified PMC method in adapting mean vector only. But, the recognition rate of the Zero order VTS approach is higher than PMC and modified PMC method based on log-normal approximation.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.37-41
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• 2014

The vector Taylor series (VTS) based method usually employs clean speech Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) when compensating speech feature vectors or adapting the parameters of trained HMMs. It is well-known that noisy speech HMMs trained by the Multi-condition TRaining (MTR) and the Multi-Model-based Speech Recognition framework (MMSR) method perform better than the clean speech HMM in noisy speech recognition. In this paper, we propose a method to use the noise-adapted HMMs in the VTS-based speech feature compensation method. We derived a novel mathematical relation between the train and the test noisy speech feature vector in the log-spectrum domain and the VTS is used to estimate the statistics of the test noisy speech. An iterative EM algorithm is used to estimate train noisy speech from the test noisy speech along with noise parameters. The proposed method was applied to the noise-adapted HMMs trained by the MTR and MMSR and could reduce the relative word error rate significantly in the noisy speech recognition experiments on the Aurora 2 database.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.87-106
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• 2017

Purpose The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the expectations and outcomes of the bicycle-sharing service significantly influence users' expectation disconfirmation, satisfaction, and continuous intention to use. In addition, we will verify the moderating effect of social interaction in bicycle-sharing service on the relationship between satisfaction and continuous intention to use. Design/methodology/approach Based on previous studies dealing with determinants of bicycle use, users' expectations and outcomes of the bicycle-sharing service were measured by three variables; accessibility, convenience, and safety. To collect the data, we conducted a survey of undergraduates at a university located in Seoul for three weeks, beginning March 6. Participants completed the first questionnaire, which measured expectations of the bicycle-sharing service based on the attributes and social interaction before using the BSS. After a few weeks, the same participants completed the second questionnaire, which measured outcomes of the outcome, disconfirmation, satisfaction, and continuous intention to use the BSS. Only participants who completed both surveys received monetary compensation. In order to test hypothesis, the Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) modeling technique was applied. Findings In terms of main effects, based on the expectation disconfirmation theory, the results indicated that there were significant relationship among expectation, performance, disconfirmation, and satisfaction. In particular, it was verified that disconfirmation completely plays a mediating role between performance and satisfaction. In addition, the moderating effect of social interaction was examined. There was a significant interaction effects of social interaction and satisfaction on the continuous intention to use for leisure purpose. Finally, this study is expected to contribute to the study of resource sharing in the field of tourism and provide baseline information for future research.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to find out what values users pursue from a smart device based education service. For this purpose, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire that was developed based on the results of literature review and user interviews. Thirteen user expectation values were developed from the results of the survey: individually customized learning, anytime anywhere learning, learning for career, learning through interaction, learning from diverse resources, learning through cooperation, learning through interchange, self-directed learning, learning within actual context, learning with feedback, learning in spare time, learning with motivation & compensation, and step-by-step learning. In addition, the results of the survey also showed that the user expectation values of women, high school students and people who responded that they knew the smart device based education service very well were higher than those of other users.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.28-37
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• 2015

Owing to the variability of large-scaled wind power system, the development of wind farm management technologies and related compensation methods have been receiving attention. To provide an accurate and reliable output power, certain wind farm adopts a specified management system including a wind prediction model and grid expectation solutions for considering grid condition. Those technologies are focused on improving the reliability and stability issues of wind farms, which can affect not only nearby system devices but also a voltage condition of utility grid. Therefore, to adapt the develop management system, an expectation process about voltage condition of Point of Common Coupling should be integrated in operating system for responding system requirements in real-time basis. This paper introduce a grid imposing method for a real-time based wind farm management system. The expected power can be transferred to the power flow section and the required quantity about reactive power can be calculated through the proposed system. For the verification process, the gauss-seidel method is introduced in the Matlab/Simulink for analysing power flow condition. The entire simulation process was designed to interwork with PSCAD for verifying real power system condition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.308-317
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of differences between job expectations and satisfaction on overall employee satisfaction. A survey was conducted on administrative staff at S University in Seoul for 8 days from December 17, 2018 to December 24, 2018. First, the difference between job expectation and job satisfaction, a significant negative difference occurred for all 15 measurement variables. Second, the factors of work cost and personnel system were found to have a significant negative effect on employee satisfaction. If the expected discrepancy between work cost and personnel system increases by 1, employee satisfaction decreases by 0.35 and 0.24, respectively. Third, among the sub-categories of work cost and personnel system, department allocation and division of duties, proper compensation payment, rationality of compensation decision process, and good welfare system were found to have a significant correlation. By analyzing the significant correlation between expected discrepancies and employee satisfaction, focusing on items that can increase employee satisfaction while lowering the financial burden, narrowing the expected discrepancy of staff increases employee satisfaction and improves the quality of education services.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.571-580
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• 2023

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is an increasing demand for interdisciplinary studies in the realm of university education. Accordingly, this study sought to explore learners' perceived expectation factors for a modular curriculum, one of the primary strategies for curriculum revision in interdisciplinary departments, by applying the Expectation Theory. Learners' perceptions were measured pre and post during the second semester of 2022. The results confirmed that among the expectation factors, the selection factor significantly decreased after the course compared to before. Changes in the understanding and perceived difficulty level of tool utilization within the course may have influenced these results. The significance of this study lies in providing direction for curriculum revisions in interdisciplinary departments by analyzing learners' perceptions of the modular curriculum. Specifically, curriculum design should focus on reducing difficulties and cognitive burdens associated with educational tool utilization. Furthermore, considering that students' prior experience and understanding of educational tools can impact educational outcomes, it is crucial to factor these elements when designing a modular curriculum.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2020

This paper deals with the problem of global stabilization for a class of nonlinear control systems. An effective approach is proposed for controlling the system interaction of structures through a combination of parallel distributed compensation (PDC) intelligent controllers and fuzzy observers. An efficient approximate inference algorithm using expectation propagation and a Bayesian additive model is developed which allows us to predict the total number of control systems, thereby contributing to a more adaptive trajectory for the closed-loop system and that of its corresponding model. The closed-loop fuzzy system can be made as close as desired, so that the behavior of the closed-loop system can be rigorously predicted by establishing that of the closed-loop fuzzy system.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.251-252
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• 2015

The designed hybrid generation system (HGS) not only consider the voltage condition of grid connection point but also do reactive power support according to the transmission system operator's directions. The PCS operation plan in HGS should be supported by precise transferred quantity expectation about reactive power because the system has large physical areas and also be interconnected with grid through long transmission system. Therefore, the realistic measuring process about transferred reactive power quantity by utilizing HGS is required to consider additional compensation plan. In this paper, an reactive power transferred capability of HGS with expected parameter is analyzed, and imposed to the simulation process that is performed on EMTDC environment. Basically, grid information and system characteristics were utilized with Jeju island in Korea, and the performance analysis is carried out based on the composed layout in ongoing project.