• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.405-416
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to investigate changes in serum lipid levels with age and gender, and to determine which factors affect the serum lipid profiles. The anthropometric parameters(height, weight, waist girth, hip girth) and biochemical status(cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-chol.) were measured for clinically normal adults(male 89, female 91) in Yeongdong area. The results are as follows: 1. The obesity index was significantly higher in female($115.2{\pm}15.2%$) than in male($109.9{\pm}13.4%$), but waist/hip girth ratio(WHR) was significantly higher in male ($0.89{\pm}0.05$) than in female($0.81{\pm}0.06$). 2. Male subjects had higher triglyceride and atherogenic index and lower HDL-cholesterol and relative cholesterol than those of female subjects. 3. Prevalences of hypercholesteolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoHDL-cholesterolemia were 9.0%, 9.0%, 14.6% respectively in male and 9.9%, 2.2%, 4.4% in female. 4. WHR positively correlated with serum cholesterol, TG, LDL/HDL and A.I., and negatively correlated with HDL-chol. and relative chol. Correlation analyses indicated that WHR seemed to be more closely associated with serum lipid levels(rather than obesity index). 5. Age showed positive correlations with waist girth, WHR, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL and A.I., but negative correlations with height, body weight and relative cholesterol. 6. There was significant differences in TG concentration between drinker($169.3{\pm}130.0mg/dl$) and non-drinker($111.4{\pm}64.5mg/dl$), and smoker($165{\pm}103.6mg/dl$) and non-smoker ($110.8{\pm}39.0mg/dl$). That is to say that as risk factors for hyperlipidemia are obesity index, serum lipid concentration, life style(such as alcohol drinking and smoking) and age. Specially major risk factors are drinking, smoking and regulated exercise in male and age is an important risk factor in female.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.520-525
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• 2014

Purpose: Childhood obesity is an increasing public health issue worldwide. We examined dietary patterns among adolescents in a dormitory school, identified obese adolescents and tried to intervene to improve food habits and physical activity. Methods: We conducted an experimental prospective longitudinal study based on 36 obese (body mass index $[BMI]{\geq}95th$ percentile) adolescents (aged 12-18 years) compared with controls (healthy children: normal age-appropriate BMI ($BMI{\leq}85th$ percentile). Six months' intervention included lifestyle-modification counseling (once a week by a clinical dietician), and an exercise regimen twice a week, 60 minutes each time, instructed by a professional pediatric trainer). Both groups underwent baseline measurements at the beginning of the study and 6 months later (arterial stiffness, blood pressure, pulse, weight and height, hemoglobin, creatinine, liver enzymes, highly sensitive C-reactive protein and complete lipid profile). Results: Twenty-one participants completed the study. Low compliance from participants, school staff and parents was observed (participation in planned meetings; 71%-83%). BMI significantly decreased from $32.46{\pm}3.93kg/m^2$ to $30.32{\pm}3.4kg/m^2$ (P=0.002) in the study group. Arterial stiffness was not significantly different between the 2 groups and did not change significantly after 6 months' intervention (P=0.494). No significant changes in CRP and lipid profile were observed after the intervention. Conclusion: Making lifestyle modifications among adolescents in a dormitory school is a complex task. Active intervention indeed ameliorates BMI parameters. However, in order to maximize the beneficial effects, a multidisciplinary well-trained team is needed, with emphasis on integrating parents and the school environment.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary behavior and health-related lifestyles of high school students according to the living area in Chonbuk province, Self administered questionnaires were collected from 489 students. Statistical data analysis was completed using a SPSS v. 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: The average weight and height of male students in urban and rural area were 173.52cm, 65.26kg; 172.89cm, 64.02kg. The female students were 161.18cm, 52.48kg: 160.96cm, 52.82kg. The breakfast skipping ratio of students urban area were higher than the students in rural area, About 85% of students responded to have a lunch at school foodservice canteens. About 30% of students responded to have a dinner irregularly, which mainly caused by the reasons 'irregularity of life style' and 'weight control'. The ratio of snacks intake of the students were high, but female students eaten more fruits, cookies and coffee than male students. More than 50% of the students responded that one of the important influencing factor for health was 'a good eating habits'. About 44% of students in urban area and 40% of in rural area responded to take exercise one or three times a week. Students in urban area(37.3%) have more experiences of taking nutrient supplements than those in rural area(15.8%). TV/Radio (48.7%), clinic/apothec(19.0%), and family(16.0%) were essential sources of pertinent information about nutrition. The dietary behavior and health related lifestyle between the students in urban and rural area were very similar, but the female students showed more bad dietary behaviors in comparison with the male students. Therefore, they should have a gender oriented nutritional education program to correct their dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyle for health.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.331-336
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• 2009

Objectives : The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between lifestyle-implementation and metabolic syndrome in an electronics research and development company, and to provide a foundation for health providers of health management programs for setting priorities. Methods : From July 1 to July 16, 2008 we carried out a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Consecutive workers of one R & D company in Seoul, Korea (N=2,079) were enrolled in study. A checklist for lifestyle (from the National Health Insurance Corporation) consisted of questions regarding diet, drinking, smoking and exercise. After the survey, researchers obtained data from health profiles for metabolic syndrome(waist-circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar level). Lifestyle was recorded as good or not good. Statistical analysis of metabolic syndrome and the lifestyle of subjects was done using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study gropu was 13.3% (N=277). After adjustment for age, the adjusted odds ratios (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals) for metabolic syndrome increased in proportion to the number of bad habits: two (1.72, 1.23-2.44), three (2.47, 1.73-3.56), and four (3.63, 2.03-6.34). Relative to subjects eating both vegetables and meat', the OR for 'meat' eaters was 1.66 (1.18-2.31). Compared with 'nonsmokers and ever-smoker', the OR for 'current-smoker' was 1.62 (1.25-2.10). Compared with 'Healthy drinker', the OR for 'unhealthy drinker' was 1.38 (1.05-1.83). Conclusions : Poor lifestyle was associated with an increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that lifestyle-based occupational health interventions for young employees should include a specific diet, smoking cessation, and healthy-drinking programs.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.246-257
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• 2012

Objectives: To compare the self-rated health in chronic disease patients with depression, chronic disease patients, and depression patients, and to observe the related factors to the self-rated health of people age 65 and older. Methods: The subjects were 2,549 elderly people, over 65 years old in Busan Metropolitan City who participated in 2009 community health survey. Association between self-rated health and general characteristics, life style and disease status were observed. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Analysis of complex sample was done with SAS (ver. 9.2), using ${\chi}^2$-test and multiple logistic regression. Results: Among total 2,549, there were 740 normal people (29.8%), 50 people with depression (1.8%), 1,495 people with other chronic diseases (58.2%), and 264 people with the comobidity of depression and other chronic diseases (10.1%). Good self-related health accounted for 20.3% for the whole, 33.4% for normal, 16.7% for chronic disease, 16.1% for depression, and 3.2% for chronic diseases with depression. Disease, gender, education, income, alcohol drinking, regular exercise and regular walking were independent factors associated with the good self-related health. Conclusions: It is suggested that when the chronic disease control program for the elderly is developed, depression care should be considered along with the program. This program should be given priority to the women and the vulnerable classes and should also be related to the regular walking.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.125-143
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• 2007

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate health and life style of pediatric outpatients who visited the oriental hospital. Methods The study was composed of 363 students from elementary school, middle school and high school who visited the pediatrics department in $\bigcirc\;\bigcirc$ university oriental medicine hospital between 2005 and 2006. Results 1. The group wasconsisted with 56% of male and 44% of female student and for the age distribution, 7.4% were elementary school students, 55.6% were middle school students, and 36.9% were high school students. 2. Usually the eldest child tends to visit hosipital more than the younger ones. 3. More than a half of those students' parent had University education or beyond that. 4. There were more students who had below the level of the height-weight curve than in the higher level. 5. The average study hours of the students were 3.67 hours. An average sleep hours was 6.18 hours. An average exercise hour was 1.16 hours and an average time for watching TV was 1.71 hours. 6. Many students had hard time to concentrate on the studying for a long time. 7. For the question about the reason why they got the poor grade, they answered because of the lower concentration, and they didn't put much effort on the studying. The most they concern about was their grade. 8. Most of the students who visited the clinic said they did not feel refreshed when they woke up in the morning, and, many of them said that they don't feel okay. 9. More than an half of the students wear glasses. 10. More than an half of the students answered that they often catch a cold when the weather changes a lot. 11. A lot of them had some digestive problems. 12. As they getting older, they said they often feel back pain and shoulder pain. 13. Many students felt irritated and got mad easily. Many of them felt bored about their study and stressed out because of their tests and the university entrance exams. 14. Most of the female students answered that they have irregular period or cramps. 15. 21% of them usually skip breakfast. 16. Many students enjoyed snacks. Most of them enjoyed snacks after school. As they go into higher grade, they would like to eat at night especially cookies, bread and fruits. Conclusions Further studies with larger sample size of students will be neededfor accurate results, and it would be better if we can compare the conditions of the students before treatments and after those.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.445-454
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obese index among body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC) and to determine which is the best in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Korean elderly more than 65 ages. Data from the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey were used (n=1017). Anthropometric indices and CVD risk factors were measured, and chi-square test, analysis of variance following duncan's multiple range test, partial correlation analysis, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were used in the analysis. Anthropometric values were decreased in both male and female when ages were goes up. In female elderly, it specially showed the characteristics of upper body fat and systolic blood pressure risk (p<0.05). Among life style factors the current smokers were prevalent in obese male (p<0.05), but not prevalent in female having obese or upper body fat. Also, person with upper body obesity have more exercise than that of normal group (p<0.01). Mean BMI values of the current smoker was lower than that of normal group in both sexes (p<0.01). Mean BMI value of person with other risk factors were higher than that of normal groups (p<0.05). Among 7 CVD risk factors in partial correlation analysis, WC had the highest correlation coefficient in 5 in male, whereas BMI in 4 in female. In ROC analyses of 12 risk factors and health conditions, the largest area under curve of obese indices for risk factors were WC>WHR>BMI in male and BMI>WHR>WC in female. The optimal cutoff values of each index (BMI : WHR : WC) for one or more risk factors were 19.02 : 0.84 : 71.3 in male and 19.04 : 0.88 : 85.6 in female. In conclusion, Most Korean elderly showed non-obese and abdominal obesity likewise other Asians. Also CVD risk factors were prevalent in Korean elderly within normal limits of obese indices. Therefore the upper body fat indices reflected in the aged whose muscle mass is replaced by fat must be used as an indicator of CVD risk together with BMI. Although WHR was the worst index based on partial correlation analysis and so located between BMI and WC in ROC curve analysis in both sexes, it need to be use with WC to screen the cardiovascular risk group.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-182
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• 2005

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis according to the criteria of diagnosing knee osteoarthritis in rural women and the factors related with this disease. Methods: The data obtained from 200 women older than 40 years of age residing in 5 Ri's in Goryeong-gun. Gyeongsanbuk-do by random cluster sampling from September to October 2002. Knee osteoarthritis was determined positive according to the Kellgren and Lawrence classification and knee pain. Results: Among these subjects, 71.0% showed more than grade 2 in radiologic finding and the rate of knee pain according to the survey was 67.0%. The rate of subjects meeting the criteria of knee osteoarthritis was 54.0%. According to univariate analysis, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis increased with age and those farming people and people working in household industry was significantly high at 58.9% compared with others. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis showed a significant relationship with the family history and past history of knee injury and knee surgery(p<0.01), and diabetes mellitus(p<0.05). The score of ADL was significantly different in the subjects with knee osteoarthritis compared with normal group(p<0.05). When the presence of knee osteoarthritis and the period of the life style of seating down on the floor were compared, a significant difference was present between the osteoarthritis group and normal group. As for metabolic factors, the blood sugar level, bone density, and body mass index(BMI) were significantly different in the osteoarthritis group compared with normal group. When multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with the presence of knee osteoarthritis as the dependent variable, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis was significantly affected by older age, subjects farming or working in household industry, the history of knee injury, the history of surgery, higher blood sugar level, and higher BMI. Conclusions: These subjects need an intervention through self-care programs such as exercise for preventing osteoarthritis, weight control programs, other exercise programs strengthening knee joints, and guidelines when working in vinyl houses.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2014

Objectives : We aimed to explore the relationship among fatigue and perceived stress, depressive mood in the working population. We also examined associations with demographic and life style factors and investigated the effect of individual coping skills on these associations. Methods : Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS), Perceived Stress Scale(PSS), Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument - Korean version(BEPSI-K), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Stress Coping Skill Questionnaire were administered to 621 civil servants. All of above and other demographic factors are self-administered questionnaire survey and this study is cross sectional. Results : Mean FSS score was 3.04 which was lower than 3.22, the severity cut off score. FSS, PSS, BEPSI-K, BDI were all higher in female. Subjects with active coping skills showed relatively low fatigue, perceived stress, depressive mood than those with passive coping skills. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the PSS, BDI, BEPSI-K in working population increase the risk of fatigue and regular exercise lowers the risk. Conclusions : Adults who were afflicted by stress, experienced depressive mood or were physically inactive were at much higher risk of feeling fatigue. Since no other large data sets are available for fatigue, the results from this study could serve a very useful purpose, to furnish a basis for comparison with future research results based on more complete data.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 1994

The primary purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting health promoting lifestyles of college students on the basis of Pender's Health Promotion Model. The subjects were 1,159 students of one university in Seoul. These data were collected by self reporting questionnaire from April 19 to May 3, 1993. This study examined health promoting lifestyles, cognitive-percep-tual factors: perceived health status, perceived importance of health, health locus of control, and health conception, and modifying factors: sex, grade, major, residence type, and attendance at a health care course. The instruments used in this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile by Walker et al. (1987), Health Value Scale by Wallston et al. (1976), Health Locus of Control by Wallston et al. (1978), and Health Conception Scale by Laffrey(1986). The data were analyzed by Cronbach's $\alpha$, mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS PC+ Program. The results were as follows : 1. The means of health promoting lifestyles revealed total 3.33, self actualization 3.74, health responsibility 2.72, exercise 2.80, nutrition 3.55, interpersonal surpport 3.76, and stress management 2.96. Interpersonal support showed the highest score and health responsibility showed the lowest score. 2. No significant differences between sex, grade, major, and residence type, and health promoting lifestyles Were founded(p>.05). Attendants at a health care course showed a significant higher score than nonattendants (p<.001). Male showed a significant higher score in exercise subscale, female showed significant higher scores in health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management subscales(p<.001), residence type showed a significant difference in nutrition subscale(p<.001). 3. No significant differences between perceived health status and sex, grade, major, residence type, and attendance at a health care course were founded(p>.05). Perceived importance of health showed no differences among sex, grade, major, and residence type(p>.05), showed only in attendance at a health care course (p<.001). Attendants at a health care course showed a significant higher score than nonattendants(p<.001). No significant differences between health conception and sex, grade, major, and residence type were founded (p>.05), only significant difference between health conception and attendance at a health care course was founded(p<.05). Nonattendants showed a significant higher score in clinical health conception, attendants showed a significant higher score in wellbeing health conception(p<.05). 4. A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and perceived health status was founded(r=.2415, p<.001). A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and perceived importance of health was founded (r=.1475, p<.001). The health promoting lifestyles revealed significant positive correlations in internal and powerful others locus of control (r=.3187, p<.001: r=.1475, p<.001), but revealed a significant negative correlation in chance locus of control(r=-.997, p<.001). A significant positive correlation between health promoting lifestyles and clinical health conception and wellbeing health conception were founded (r=.1241, p<.001 : r=.3047, p<.001). 5. Perceived health status was the highest factor predicting health promoting lifestyles of college students(R=.3415, $R^2=11.62$). Perceived health' status, perceived improtance of health, internal locus of control, wellbeing health conception, powerful others locus of control accounted for 28.19% in health promoting lifestyle patterns. In conclusion, college students who reported more helath promoting lifestyles evaluated their health positively, perceived importance of health highly, perceived their health as affected by theirselves, powerful others but not by chance or luck, and accepted health as high level wellness rather than merely the absence of illness. Those who attending at a health care course had healthier lifestyle patterns. And attendance at a health care course had significant. correlations in these cognitive-perceptual factors. Further studies are required to identify reasons of attending a health care course, and to compare health promoting lifestyles pre-post attending a course related to health care.