• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.579-583
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• 1994

In the present studies, samples of blood were taken from 24 Holstein cattle over 2 years old. By using the angled tube method the normal ESR values were determined in cattle under various diseases. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The standardized ESR/hr using 45$^{\circ}$ angled capillary tubes were 19.0% in case of necrotic mastitis, 23.0% in nephritis, 12.2% in anemia and 4.2% in diarrhea. And the ESR was increased from some necrotic disease, decreased from diarrhea conditions and general the normal ESRs were shown in the sub-clinical or recovery stage of infections or disorders.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.127-131
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• 1998

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis(NHL), or Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, is of unknown origin that causes persistently enlarged cervical lymph nodes unresponsive to antibiotic therapy, usually in young women. Symptoms of NHL include tender cervical adenopathy, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Laboratory studies usually reveal leukopenia and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Lymph node biopsy reveals areas with frank cell necrosis, karyorrhexis, and absence of plasma cells. NHL follows a benign course, but shoud be differentiated from other diseases such as inflammatory, granulmomatous and malignant lymphadenopathies. We describe . three cases of NHL with a review of the literature.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2015

Objectives: Correlations of the levels of the nonspecific inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and of the coagulation marker fibrinogen with the treatment period of wheel balanced cancer therapy were determined. Methods: Electronic charts of stage IV cancer patients hospitalized from February 1, 2008, to November 30, 2013, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients whose laboratory follow-up tests included at least two data points for at least one marker were included. Patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or having Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) levels exceeding 2 were excluded. Correlations of the markers with the length of treatment for treatment periods ${\geq}21$ and ${\leq}20$ days were determined by gender and whether or not surgery had been performed. Results: Analyses of the CRP and the ESR revealed a higher proportion of patients with stable marker levels than with increased or decreased levels. Also, only the ESR in female and the CRP in male groups had higher proportions of patients with stable marker levels than with increased or decreased levels. The ${\geq}21$ day group had a higher proportion of patients with stable CRP and ESR levels than the ${\leq}20$ days group. Only the ESR in female and the CRP in male groups had higher proportions of patients with stable marker levels in the ${\geq}21$ day than in the ${\leq}20$ day group. In addition, only the CRP in the surgery group and the ESR in the non-surgery group had higher proportions of patients with stable marker levels in the ${\geq}21$ day group than in the ${\leq}20$ day group. Conclusion: For stage IV cancer patients at hospitals that offer Korean medicine, more than 21 days of long-term wheel balanced cancer therapy (WBCT) should help maintain the CRP and the ESR levels and should have a favorable effect on the survival rate.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2011

Objective: Classical markers of infection cannot differentiate reliably between inflammation and infection after neurosurgery. This study investigated the dynamics of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in patients who had elective spine surgeries without complications. Methods: Participants were 103 patients (47 women, 56 men) who underwent elective spinal surgery. Clinical variables relevant to the study included age, sex, medical history, body mass index (BMI), site and type of surgery, and surgery duration. Clinical and laboratory data were body temperature, white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCT, all measured preoperatively and postoperatively on days 1, 3, and 5. Results: PCT concentrations remained at <0.25 ng/mL during the postoperative course except in 2 patients. PCT concentrations did not correlate with age, sex, DM, hypertension, BMI, operation time, operation site, or use of instrumentation. In contrast, CRP concentrations were significantly higher with older age, male, DM, hypertension, longer operation time, cervical operation, and use of instrumentation. Conclusion: PCT may be useful in the diagnosing neurosurgical patients with postoperative fever of unknown origin.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2016

목적: 가와사끼병에서 C-반응 단백질(CRP)과 적혈구 침강속도(ESR)의 불일치 및 정맥내 면역글로불린(IVIG) 치료 후의 변화를 보고자 하였다. 방법: 총 123명의 가와사끼병 환자의 의무기록를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 염증성 지표들을 IVIG 치료 전과 치료 후 48-72시간에 검사하였다. 불일치는 $CRP{\geq}10mg/dL$와 ESR <50 mm/hr, 또는 CRP <10 mg/dL와 $ESR{\geq}50mm/hr$로 정의하였고 전자를 1 군으로, 후자를 2군으로 구분하였다. 결과: 전체 123명 중 36명(29.2%)에서 불일치를 보였는데 1군은 25명(20.3%)이었고, 2군은 11명(8.9%)이었다. 1군에서 15명은 발열기간이 5일 미만(초기 발현자)이었고, 10명은 5일 이상(후기 발현자)이었다. 2군에서는 6명이 초기 발현자, 5명이 후기 발현자였다. ESR 값은 초기 발현자보다 후기 발현자에서 더 높았다($26.3{\pm}19.3mm/hr$ vs. $34.3{\pm}21.0mm/hr$, P=0.029). IVIG 치료 후에는 증가된 CRP를 포함한 여러 염증성 지표들은 정상으로 돌아왔으나 ESR은 오히려 $37.4{\pm}21.9mm/hr$에서 $48.0{\pm}22.7mm/hr$로 증가하였다(n=36, P=0.051). 결론: CRP와 ESR 값의 불일치는 발열기간과 연관이 있으리라 추정된다. 이 두 중요 염증성 지표가 불일치할 수 있으므로 급성 가와사끼병의 치료 전 질병의 염증 활성도를 평가하기 위해서는 이 두 지표를 동시에 검사하는 것이 필요하며, IVIG 치료 후의 ESR은 치료 반응의 지표로 적합하지 않다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2016

인공 관절 치환술 후 감염의 조기 진단에 도움이 되고자, 인공관절 술 후 4주 이내 발생하였던 급성 감염 환자들과 비 감염 환자들을 대상으로 술 후 기간별 C-반응성 단백질 검사와 적혈구 침강속도를 연속적으로 측정하여 비교하고 그 변화 양상에 대하여 분석하고자 하였다. 하지 인공관절 치환술을 시행 받은 환자 중 4주 이내에 급성 감염이 발생한 환자 50예와 어떠한 감염 징후도 없었던 환자 50예를 대상으로 하였다. C-반응성단백 및 적혈구침강속도의 측정은 수술 전, 수술 직후, 수술 후 2~3일, 수술 후 4~7일, 수술 후 8~14일, 수술 후 15~21일, 수술 후 22~31일 사이에 시행하였다. 연구결과 C-반응성단백은 감염과 비 감염 군에서 술 후 2~3일에 각각 $5.77{\pm}3.69$ 및 $5.17{\pm}3.48$로 가장 높았고, 이후 비 감염 군에서는 급격히 감소하여 술 후 15~21일에 $0.72{\pm}1.31$로 정상 범위를 보였지만, 감염 군에서는 $3.16{\pm}2.87$로 재상승하는 bimodal curve를 보였으며, 두 군 간의 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.001). 적혈구침강속도는 감염과 비 감염 군에서 술 후 2~3일에 각각 $58.8{\pm}24.63$ 및 $44.08{\pm}21.48$로 급격히 증가하고(p<0.01). 이후 비 감염 군에서는 서서히 감소하여 술 후 15~21일에 $28.98{\pm}18.58$로 정상 범위를 보였지만, 감염 군에서는 $47.62{\pm}26.26$으로 재상승하는 bimodal curve를 보였으며, 두 군 간의 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.001). 본 연구결과 인공관절 치환술 후 C-반응성단백 및 적혈구침강속도가 재상승하는 양상을 보일 경우 급성 술 후 감염을 의심할 수 있으며, 특히 C-반응성단백은 높은 민감도와 특이도를 나타내므로 감염을 진단하는 인자로 유용하다 할 수 있다. 이를 통해 감염 의심 환자를 조기에 예측하여 신속한 처치와 항생제 남용을 방지함으로써 전신적인 합병증으로 확대되는 것을 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.187-194
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to develop a new method which enables the goat ESR to be used as an effective clinical test. Blood samples were taken from 61 Korean native goats aged above one year old and the effect of tube inclinations, tube bores, tube lengths, environmental temperatures during tests and packed erythrocyte volumes (PCV) on the ESR were observed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The ESR/hr using capillary hematocrit tube (Micro-Ht-tube) was gradually increased as the tube angle inclined from 90 (vertical) to 15 degrees and the best angle in view of both security and fast sedimentation rate was found to be an angle of 45 degrees. 2. The 45-degree angled ESR ($45^{\circ}$-ESR) increased as the diameter of tube bore decreased. 3. The tube length did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR in percent. 4. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR test. 5. The heparinized Micro-Ht tubes did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR of EDTA-blood in healthy group but in anemic group. In the anemic group, the ESRs by the heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes were slightly higher than those by non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes. 6. By using the autologous plasma, PCV of the blood was adjusted to be 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and $45^{\circ}$-ESRs were determined in the Micro-Ht-tubes. The $45^{\circ}$-ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regression of the $45^{\circ}ESR$ to PCV was curvilinear with the second degree polynomial, $Y=42.1838-1.7355X+0.0180X^2$(r=0.9997). 7. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR/hr, using non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes at $20^{\circ}C$, was determined in 35 healthy Korean native goats. The average PCV was $30.6{\pm}1.4ml/100ml$. The observed ESR values averaged $6.8{\pm}1.7%$ and the corrected ESR values to the standard PCV of 31ml/100ml averaged $6.5{\pm}1.2%$. From these results, the angled capillary tube method was found to be desirable ESR test of goat blood in which EDTA-blood is filled in nonheparinized Micro-Ht-tubes held at an angle of 45 degrees for an hour at $20^{\circ}C$.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1986

The measurement of angled erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as a replacement for perpendicular ESR, for cattle blood was scrutinized since it has been well known that perpendicular ESR in cattle is too slow to be adopted as an effective clinical test. Samples of blood were taken from 186 Korean native cattle over 2 years old. The results obtained in the experiment were summarized as follows. 1. Average values of perpendicular ESR/24hrs in 15 apparently healthy cattle, as measured by Wintrobe, Westergren and capillary tubes, were $5.8{\pm}2.2$, $11.1{\pm}3.7$ and $10.4{\pm}4.5%$ respectively, which were found to be similar to the values of perpendicular ESR/hr of normal blood of human. 2. The ESR was determined in the tubes held at 90, 75, 60, 45, 30 and 15-degree angles, using 3 types of tubes. For the diagnostic purposes, the best results were obtained from the tubes held at 45-degree angle. 3. The angled ESR values increased as the diameters of the tube-bores decreased. 4. The tube length did not affect the angled ESR(%). 5. The angled ESR values increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR measurement. 6. The storage temperature at $5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, of the blood for 24 hours did not affect the angled ESR. 7. Samples of blood were treated with 4 kinds of anticoagulants (heparin, $K_2$-EDTA, double oxalate and sodium citrate) and the ESR was determined at 45-degree angle, using capillary hematocrit tubes. The ESR values were higher in the blood samples treated with sodium citrate than in those treated with other anticoagulants. 8. By using the autologous plasma, the PCV was adjusted to be 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and the ESR was determined in the capillary hematocrit and Wintrobe tubes held at 45 degrees. In both of the methods the ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regressions of ESR to PCV in both 45-degree-angled capillary and Wintrobe tubes were curvilinear. For the capillary hematocrit tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=61.9779-2.3533x+0.0228x^2$ (r=0.9999) fits the data. And in the case of Wintrobe tubes the second degree polynomial $Y=27.9767-1.1314x-0.0117x^2$ (r=0.9998) fits the data. 9. The 45-degree angled ESR was determined in the blood of 71 healthy Korean native cows using capillary hematocrit tubes. The average PCV was $35.4{\pm}3.6ml/100ml$. The observed ESR/hr averaged $7.2{\pm}2.7%$, while the corrected ESR/hr to a PCV of 36ml/100ml averaged $6.6{\pm}1.3%$. From these results it was concluded that to obtain the best results the ESR/hr of Korean native cattle should be determined at 45-degree angle at room temperature($20^{\circ}C$) using capillary hematocrit tubes.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.643-650
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• 2014

본 연구는 중년여성을 대상으로 8주간 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취를 통하여 심혈관 질환의 위험요인인 염증지표에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 40-50대의 경기도 A시에 거주하는 심혈관 질환 및 대사성 질환이 없고 규칙적으로 운동에 참여한 경험이 없는 신체적으로 건강한 사람을 대상으로 아사이베리 섭취그룹(AB), 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취그룹(WE+AB), 걷기운동그룹(WE)으로 구분하여 걷기운동은 8주, 주 3회, 일일 60분간 실시하고 아사이베리 섭취는 8주, 매일 아침, 저녁 식사 전 5g을 100㎖의 물과 함께 희석시켜 섭취하고 8주 전 후 심혈관 질환의 위험요소인 염증지표를 살펴보였다. 그 결과 아사이베리 섭취그룹, 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취그룹, 걷기운동그룹의 염증지표 변인인 WBC(white blood cell), Albumin, ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate), CRP(C-reactive protein)에서 긍정적인 향상을 보였으며 Albumin에서만 유의하게 감소하였다. 따라서 8주간 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취를 통하여 심혈관질환의 위험요소인 염증지표를 개선하기에는 다소 기간이 부족하다고 사료되며 향후 염증지표의 개선의 효과를 위해서는 8주 이상의 장기간 운동과 아사이베리 섭취에 대한 추후 연구와 운동방법, 강도 및 섭취량 등의 다양한 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2009

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, principally characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints. We previously reported the effect of acupuncture for RA, but the mechanism is still unclear. Various factors such as oxidative stress and angiogenesis were involved in the pathogenesis of RA, and recently, it has also been reported that cytokines also play a major role in RA. Thus, we investigated whether acupuncture could induce any changes in the levels of cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) in the sera of RA patients. Methods: The forty three patients who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for RA recruited. The acupuncture group (n=21) underwent 14 sessions of partially individualized acupuncture treatment for 6 weeks, and the control group had no treatment (n=13) over the same periods. We evaluated ESR, CRP and RF. In addition, to find out the mechanism of acupuncture, we assessed the changes of the cytokine activities using protein cytokine array in the sera of the patients. Results: Acupuncture significantly decreased the levels of ESR and CRP, but RF were not changed after 6-week acupuncture treatments. Moreover, acupuncture reduced the levels of VEGF, angiogenin and EGF in the sera of the patients. Interestingly, they were related with angiogenesis, which is an important process in the pathogenesis of RA. The levels of oncostatin, interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, IL-8, leptin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1, platelet-derived growth factor BB and RANTES were not changed significantly. Conclusions: The effect of acupuncture for reliving RA symptoms can be partially explained by inhibition of angiogenesis factors in the sera of the RA patients.