• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

Unit cost for asbestos removal work which have been made out at government contract award for recent three years has been reviewed and shown with table. And the cost have been compared with ones made out by two agencies, American asbestos removal specialists, government ministry for making out comparison tables. First, legal and practical work status survey have been made to determine reasonability of introducing separate contract-awarding system, as a part of ensuring reasonable unit work cost. And then, two different status have been compared and there in introduction possibility of separate contract-awarding system, it is found out. In interior removal work case, it is thought that 50% by owner, 60% unit work cost by the expert of which removal specialist think as reasonable unit cost. the results for exterior and spray work method are shown with almost same context. Impact factors for determining unit work cost such as project mount, project kind, contract-awarding method, subcontract method have been compared with parties. Removal specialist and expert group have almost same ideas for project amount which has been hightestly weighed but owner's recognition has partially lower than specialists idea. There are almost no difference of recognition between three(3) parties for project kind. Idea comparison of reasonable unit work cost for asbestos removal work between three concerned parties has been analyzed and found out that expert group do unit work cost, 65% of which removal specialists estimate, in interior tex removal. And there is almost no difference between them in exterior roof slate removal. But there is considerable difference between them that owner estimates 50% unit cost of specialist one while expert group estimate 50% of specialist idea of unit removal cost.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 2020

With the increasing obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the building sector, the government has been gradually expanding its obligation to zero-energy buildings since 2020. Since the ZEB certification took effect in 2017, 48 preliminary and main certifications have been completed as of March 2019, and most of them are public buildings or even certified, but have earned Grade 5 of ZEB. This means that compared with the number of annual building permits registered in Korea, the figure is insignificant, and that it receives little if not mandatory. Therefore, this study investigated empirical cases of ZEB additional construction cost and conducted cost benefit analysis according to changes in ZEB additional construction cost based on a preliminary feasibility analysis project recently conducted by the KDI. In addition, considering the public buildings, the social costs were considered, and the cost-benefit analysis method was the same as the KDI's preliminary feasibility analysis method. The analysis shows that if the ratio of ZEB additional construction cost is more than 5 percent, it is analyzed that there is no economic feasibility, and considering that the ratio of additional construction cost in the cases of ZEB in Korea is 17 percent to 38 percent, it will not be easy to obtain ZEB certification in terms of cost. Finally, to narrow these differences in cost and economic aspects, the overseas low energy and ZEB incentive examples proposed measures such as the concept of subsidy payment in Illinois and the compensation of social costs to private ZEB.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.590-598
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• 2022

Benchmarking is an important tool to assess the performance of capital projects in the construction industry. Incorporating cost-related metrics into a benchmarking system requires an effective cost normalization process to enable meaningful comparisons among projects that were executed at different locations and times. Projects in the downstream and chemicals sector have unique characteristics compared to other types of construction projects, they require a distinctive cost normalization framework to be developed to benchmark their absolute cost performance. The purpose of this study is to develop such a framework to be used for the case of benchmarking the downstream and chemical projects for their performance assessment. The research team started with a review of existing cost normalization methodologies adopted in benchmarking systems and conducted 7 interviews to identify the current cost normalization practices used by industrial professionals. A panel of 12 experts was then convened and it held 6 review sessions to accomplish the framework development. The cost normalization framework for benchmarking downstream and chemical projects was established as a three-step procedure and it adopts a 4-element cost breakdown structure to accommodate projects submitted by both owners and contractors. It also incorporated 5 published cost indexes that are compatible with downstream and chemical projects and they were embedded into 2 options to complete the normalization process. The framework was then pilot-tested on 4 completed projects to validate its functional practicality and the downstream and chemical use case in the benchmarking system.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1D
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• pp.105-113
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• 2006

Construction cost index is generally used to estimate the new project cost based on past construction data and to adjust the contract cost when the price change of various articles and items of expenditure composing the contract occurs. In Korea, it is mostly used for modulation of construction contract cost due to fluctuation of prices. However the method for making cost index had some problems in calculating cost index of each expenditure item that could not properly reflect the change of construction cost. To supplement these problems, the research of developing construction cost index has been executed. Through the precedent research, these problems were partially resolved but still remain. Therefore this research proposes the method for making cost index that utilizes representative items of labor, material, equipment by analyzing bill of quantity of road construction, through analysis and comparison of precedent studies. By using this method, it is expected to solve the problems which were not reflected in preceeding studies.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 1986

Earthquake disaster is dependent upon both site intensity and strength of structures. The higher the strength, structures become more safe, which in turn increases the construction cost. Therefore, it is necessary to decide an optimum design intensity in which the safety is balanced with the cost. Such an optimum design intensity for major man-made structures in Korea is determined in the present study from a simulation model as follows. 1) Hypothetical earthquake time series are generated from the probability distribution to represent appropriately the seismicity of Korea. 2) The strength of structures constructed with a certain design intensity is assumed to exponentially decrease with the elapsed time. The construction cost is also expressed as a function of design intensity. 3) Comparing the seismic intensity generated from the earthquake time series with the strength of structures, the safety of structures is examined. Then the time until the structure is damaged by an earthquake is obtained within the designed life time. 4) The above simulation is iterated several hundred times and hence the mean life time of structures having a certain design intensity is obtained. 5) After all, the optimum design intensity to minimize the annual mean loss, the ratio of construction cost to mean life time, is estimated. The major conclusions obtained from the above simulation model are as follows. 1) Depending upon the designed life time ($T_p$), the optimum design intensities are appeared to be 0. 05-0. 10g for $T_p=50yr$ and 0. 08-0.13g for $T_p=100yr$. 2) According to the sensitivity analysis, the optimum design intensity increases with the rapid strength decrease of structure and decreases with the increase of initial construction cost.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.228-236
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• 2011

Since most Green House Gases (GHGs) and air pollutants are generated from the same sources, it will be cost-effective to develop a GHGs reduction plan in combination with simultaneous removal of air pollutants. However, effects on air pollutants reduction according to implementing any GHG abatement plans have been rarely studied. Reflecting simultaneous removal of air pollutants along with the GHGs emission reduction, this study investigated relative cost effectiveness among GHGs reduction action plans in Busan Metropolitan City. We employed the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology that evaluates relative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) producing multiple outputs with multiple inputs, for the investigation. Assigning each GHGs reduction action plan to a DMU, implementation cost of each GHGs reduction action plan to an input, and reduction potential of GHGs and air pollutants by each GHGs reduction action plan to an output, we calculated efficiency scores for each GHGs reduction action plan. When the simultaneous removal of air pollutants with the GHGs reduction were considered, green house supply-insulation improvement and intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects had high efficiency scores for cost-positive action plans. For cost-negative action plans, green start network formation and running, and daily car use control program had high efficiency scores. When only the GHGs reduction was considered, project priority orders based on efficiency scores were somewhat different from those when both the removal of air pollutants and GHGs reduction were considered at the same time. The expected action plan priority difference is attributed to great difference of air pollutants reduction potential according to types of energy sources to be reduced.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

To evaluate composting process of piggery slurry, we made $1m^3$ bench scale composting reactor, and investigated the input and output of mass, moisture evaporation, volatile solid degradation, and running cost. For 15 days experimentation the results was as followed, The quantity of sawdust used was 0.47ton(18,000won) per 1ton slurry. The amount of moisture evaporated was 16.8kg/kg VS degradated. Total evaporation and VS degradation were 24.8%, 5.7% respectably. To analysis the running cost of that, we included only two factors, sawdust cost and compost income. The compost price to sell was 63won/kg(50% of market price) it made 8,694won income to 756 won loss, but 25won/kg, it was $13,650{\sim}23,100won$ loss per 1 ton slurry in the current pig farmer's condition. This cost was $8.5{\sim}14.4%$ of pig production cost and damage strongly to pig farmers to treat it.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4421-4426
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• 2016

Background: Smoking is recognized as a main leading preventable cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is responsible for a considerable financial burden both on the health system and in society. This study aimed to examine the effect of smoking on cost of hospitalization and length of stay (LoS) among patients with lung cancer in Iran in 2014. Materials and Methods: A total of 415 patients were included in the study. Data on age, sex, insurance status, type of hospitals, type of insurance, geographic local, length of stay and cost of hospitalization was extracted by medical records and smoking status was obtained from a telephone survey. To compare cost of hospitalization and LoS for different smoking groups, current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers, a gamma regression model and zero-truncated poisson regression were used, respectively. Results: Compared with never smokers, current and former smokers showed a 48% and 35% increase in hospitalization costs, respectively. Also, hospital LoS for current and former smokers was 72% and 31% higher than for never smokers, respectively. Conclusions: Our study indicated that cigarette smoking imposes a significant financial burden on hospitals in Iran. It is, however, recommended that more research should be done to implement and evaluate hospital based smoking cessation interventions to better increase cessation rates in these settings.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.67-96
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• 2012

The Ministry of Environment in Korea has been promoting the urban stream restoration project for paved streams in cities as the restored Cheonggyecheon. As an elementary study for suggesting policy implications for the project, cost and benefit criteria for an ex-post analysis on the Cheonggyecheon project is suggested in this study. The ex-ante analysis were reviewed critically by focusing on the cost and benefit criteria. Ex-post analysis plan in this study is developed considering the standard guideline of pre-feasibility, the theory of cost-benefit analysis, and the review results. The costs for compensating lands, amending conflicts, researching rivers, and maintaining water quantity were also included. For the benefits, this study proposes to estimate the benefits with the assessment on naturalness of stream. The results are expected to contribute to increase the efficiency of the urban stream restoration project and evaluate the project to match better with the meaning of the river restoration.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.850-862
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• 2007

This study was carried out to survey the actual conditions of wastewater treatment facilities to obtain basic data for the management of wastewater from industrial complexes in Chungcheongnam-do province. Wastewater production flow per site area by watersheds was $49.2m^3/km^2/d$ for Sapgyoho, $8.1m^3/km^2/d$ for Anseongcheon, $5.7m^3/km^2/d$ for Seohae, and $2.9m^3/km^2/d$ for Geumgang. Sapgyoho showed 75% of the total production flow, which was the highest value, Geumgang showed 4% of total flow, which was the lowest value. Average total extra rate as production flow/capacity flow in the wastewater treatment facilities for industrial complex is 49%. Considering by watersheds, the extra rates of Seohae, Geumgang, Anseongcheon, and Sapgyoho, are 73%, 65%, 62%, and 33% respectively. This means that the design of capacity flow in wastewater treatment facilities was too large. Effluent concentration of wastewater treatment facilities did not exceed discharge limit mostly. The removal efficiency rate for water quality item was 90% in BOD, 70% in COD, 80% in SS, 30 to 80% in TN, and 20 to 90% in TP, so the organic removal was good, but the nutrient removal was low and interval of variation was high. The removal efficiency rate of the agricultural was industrial complexes is lower than the national and local complexes. The construction cost of the wastewater treatment facilities in Chungcheongnam-do was $1,756Won\;per\;m^3$, treatment cost was $189Won\;per\;m^3$, and they were about two times and 1.2 times higher than the nation-wide cost, respectively. The treatment cost consists of 39% for man power, 21% for chemical, 16% for power, 11% for sludge treatment, and 13% for others.