• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.13
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• pp.185-213
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• 2012

Charles Stankievech's 2011 installation LOVELAND includes a wall-sized screen depicting video footage of a barren arctic landscape in an enclosed room, painted and bathed in white light, that appears as an extension of the imaged environment. A melodic and industrial musical score emanates from multiple sound panels and as the music increases a cloud of purple smoke becomes visible on the horizon line in the distance and gradually advances toward the viewer until it completely fills the screen. The smoke then remains, rushing about madly and lapping at the border between the screen and the room before it suddenly subsides and the spectator is again left with the desolate landscape. The entire process takes a mere five minutes and then, fixed on an endless loop, begins again. This paper positions LOVELAND as an attempt to simulate a sublime experience of the end of the world through a transposition of the Arctic atmosphere into the gallery space. Encompassing a discussion of the historical and contemporary significance of the Arctic in popular culture, aesthetics and environmental politics, it is suggested that Stankievech employs an apocalyptic trope in reference to the unstable position of the North in the current political and ecological climate. Revisiting critiques of modernist exhibition practices and investigating the perceptual and temporal dimensions of the work, this analysis focuses primarily on the experience of the installation's spectator. Visually, aurally and phenomenologically immersed, the viewer is made subject to, and implicated in, the events unfolding on the screen and within the space. Due to the looping of the video footage, this paper argues that the apocalypse imaged in LOVELAND is presented as an endless event - incessantly enacted, yet infinitely deferred - and that the spectator is enveloped in an uncertain and unceasingly extended present moment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

This study is about Tak Mok theory of feng-shui ideology which was main thought in Choson dynasty or some other thoughts and noble families' thought of garden building : planting trees and properties of the noble families garden. The result from the study of noble family's garden molding is as follows. In the noble family's garden molding, there were considerations of plant ecology known through long experience and the functional aspect of planting tree and esthetic sense of housing circumstances, in addition to feng-shui thought, Taoist thought and the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive vs. negative. We can learn Choson's noble family's garden included playroom as well as symbolic and incantatory meaning. Also in the thought of noble family's garden molding we can found proper element for modern housing plan such as an ecological peculiarity or functional aspect of dwelling circumstance. And we can also found they didn't show a rejection symptoms against nature but enclosed with straight form which was traditional trait, and each space of it is composed organically. Also we knew they selected a diverse and refined technique with it's decorating the Choson dynasty playful and meditative space. We found that the key point of the thought of noble family's garden molding were on the basis of Confucianal mood, content amid poverty thought and free technique of it.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.104.1-104.1
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of user''''s response to perceived safety and visual preferences for outdoor green spaces by the types of campus layouts. This research was investigated by color slide ratings and questionnaire survey to the students who are majoring in Landscape architecture in three universities locating at Taegu area. Two research sites have similarities in many ways but have differences in campus land form and design type such as ''''Closed'''' and ''''Open'''' types. Major results were summarised as follows ; 1. As a result of the slide test, the high degree of visual preference was shown in the campus that is ''''Closed'''' type. However the degree of perceived safety was lower than that of in Youngnam Univ. campus. 2. According to the result of the comparative analysis between user''''s perceived safety and visual preferences in each campus, the degree of perceived safety at ''''Closed'''' type was lower than that of ''''Open'''' type, but the degree of visual satisfactioni was higher at ''''Closed'''' type. 3. The factors affecting visual preference in campus were shown as density of wood, land form, and diverse type of the spaces. On the other hand, the factors affecting perceived safety were ''''enclosed space by wood'''' at the day time, and ''''the condition of lighting'''' at night. 4. Regarding gender differences in sensation of each space variables, female users showed higher satisfactio on the scenic beauty. 5. Regression analysis showed that general satisfation was determined by the variables such as ''''arrangement'''', familiarity'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''closed feeling'''', in Kyungbook Univ. And in Youngnam Univ. , the variables were ''''texture'''', ''''perceived beauty'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''complexity'''' respectively. 6. In conclusion, campus users wanted the outdoor spaces that have various land form and somewhat ''''open-closed'''' mixture type, which has a good ''''Edge Effect'''' to satisfy both aspects in safety and visual preferneces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.104-116
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of user's response to perceived safety and visual preferences for outdoor green spaces by the types of campus layouts. This research was investigated by color slide ratings and questionnaire survey to the students who are majoring in Landscape architecture in three universities locating at Taegu area. Two research sites have similarities in many ways but have differences in campus land form and design type such as 'Closed' and 'Open' types. Major results were summarised as follows ; 1. As a result of the slide test, the high degree of visual preference was shown in the campus that is 'Closed' type. However the degree of perceived safety was lower than that of in Youngnam Univ. campus. 2. According to the result of the comparative analysis between user's perceived safety and visual preferences in each campus, the degree of perceived safety at 'Closed' type was lower than that of 'Open' type, but the degree of visual satisfactioni was higher at 'Closed' type. 3. The factors affecting visual preference in campus were shown as density of wood, land form, and diverse type of the spaces. On the other hand, the factors affecting perceived safety were 'enclosed space by wood' at the day time, and 'the condition of lighting' at night. 4. Regarding gender differences in sensation of each space variables, female users showed higher satisfactio on the scenic beauty. 5. Regression analysis showed that general satisfation was determined by the variables such as 'arrangement', familiarity', 'cleanness', and 'closed feeling', in Kyungbook Univ. And in Youngnam Univ. , the variables were 'texture', 'perceived beauty', 'cleanness', and 'complexity' respectively. 6. In conclusion, campus users wanted the outdoor spaces that have various land form and somewhat 'open-closed' mixture type, which has a good 'Edge Effect' to satisfy both aspects in safety and visual preferneces.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.121-140
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• 2007

Seowon(書院) is a representing institution in Choseon Dynasty not only educationally but also politically and economically. Due to the artificial crackdown by Daewon-gun in 1871 and destruction by wars, it is difficult to restore and interpret the Seowon accurately at present. It is well known that the 'Basic Form' of the Seowon consists of an inner court, enclosed by the rear gangdang (lecture hall), dongseo-jae (east and west dormitory), and the front munlu (gate pavilion or upper story bower for relaxation), represented by so called 'front-dormitory rear-lecture-hall type', that is, 'jeonjae hudang(前齋後堂) type'. However, it is overlooked that this Basic Form is a product of Youngnam School located only in Youngnam area. A different form, of 'front-lecture-hall rear-dormitory type', or 'jeonndang hujae(前堂後齋) type' is located only in Gyeonggi, Hoseo and Honam area. It has been wrongly analyzed that the type is a result of the later period, emphasizing the memorial service rather than the lecture itself, and worshipping loyalists than Confucian scholars. Analysis encompassing each Seowon architecture has been mistakenly made by historians as "deterioration" of the original educational purpose of the Seowon from the early period to the later period. This paper raises the fact that the form of jeondang hujae type has been established since the early period of Seowon in the 16th Century. It has a unique order of space itself. Here, the lecture hall faces toward sadang (shrine). The inner court, enclosed by east and west jae and the lecture hall, becomes the outer yard of the shrine, and as a result two main spaces of the shrine and lecture area is merged into one. While the munlu of the basic type encloses the inner court of the main area, the munlu of jeondang hujae type is located at the vicinity area. This paper reinterprets the jeondang hujae type not as a form coming out of degenerated period but as a type that belongs to a different Confucian school, the area of Kiho, and concludes that the Seowon is a product of political struggles between the two schools and of the local economical situation. Each school has maintained his own type of form, therefore the remaining Kiho Seowon architecture can be reevaluated.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2017

Purpose: Heat transfer analysis of recently developed 'slim type double-skin system window' were presented. This window system is designed for curtain wall type façade that main energy loss factor of recent elegant buildings. And the double skin system is the dual window system integrated with inner shading component, enclosed gap space made by two windows when both windows were closed and shading component effectively reflect and terminate solar radiation from outdoor. Usually double-skin system requires much more space than normal window systems but this development has limited by 270mm, facilitated for curtain wall façade buildings. In this study, we estimated thermophysical phenomena of our double-skin curtain wall system window with solar load conditions at the summer season. Method: A fully 3-Dimentional analysis adopted for flow and convective and radiative heat transfer. The commercial CFD package were used to model the surface to surface radiation for opaque solid region of windows' frame, transparent glass, fluid region at inside of double-skin and indoor/outdoor environments. Result: Steep angle of solar incident occur at solar summer conditions. And this steep solar ray cause direct heat absorption from outside of frame surface rather than transmitted through the glass. Moreover, reflection effect of shading unit inside at the double-skin window system was nearly disappeared because of solar incident angle. With this circumstances, double-skin window system effectively cuts the heat transfer from outdoor to indoor due to separation of air space between outdoor and indoor with inner space of double-skin window system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2019

Pungsu theory is important one in the site selection and lay-out of traditional Korean village and house. In this aspect, Study with a view of Pungsu theory might be used as a proper method for understanding the traditional architecture in Korea. In this context, this study analyzes the Jeong, Dong-Ho's house which is designated no. 19 as an important folk cultural heritage, located in Jigok Ochu-gil 133-62, Godeok-myon, Yesan-gun, Chungnam province. The analysis of the site and space lay-out is carried out by Yong(Dragon), Hyoel(Auspicious Spot), Sa(Sands), Su(Water) aspects of the Pungsu(Fengshui) Hyungsei-ron. The house is depending upon soft dragon vein connecting with a earth type rear mountain. It looks southeast direction, Gonjwasonhyang(乾坐巽向). The hyeolseong(穴星) has classical venus shape, and there is no faults relatively. The Sasinsa condition is almost perfect that right blue dragon and left white tiger surround the hyeol with 3-4 layers and the facing mountain covers the front open area. The water flowing from inside of left and right mountain is joined in front of the house so it could stop flowing out of vital energy. Bibo forest(裨補樹) is placed properly to protect the easy disclose of water outlet. The house is well organized western house(西四宅) by analysis of Dongseosataek-ron(東西四宅論). Through the analysis, I found that the house has good Pungsu(Fengshui) environment fitted with Pungsu Hyungsei-ron. The house composed of small thatched roof is enclosed several times by low hills of back, left and right side. So it is believed that the site might be carefully evaluated by Yong, Hyoel, Sa, Su of Hyeongsei-ron for knowing whether the site condition could minimize the demage by strong winds and protect from the winter cold wind and secure water for drinking and farming and then selected. The method of Pungsu for evaluating the geographical condition of surrounding of a site is used as a traditional site analysis method for evaluating the suitability of long-term well and safe residence.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.171-187
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• 2023

Objectives: Aircraft cabin cleaning work is characterized by being performed within a limited time in a narrow and enclosed space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to dust, ultra fine dust(PM2.5) and black carbon(BC) among aircraft cabin cleaners. Methods: Active personal air sampling for respirable dust(n=73) and BC(n=47) was conducted during quick transit cleaning(cabin general and vacuum-specific) and seat cover replacement and total dust and PM2.5 were area-air-sampled as well. Also, size distribution of particle was identified with the cleaning workers targeted. Dusts were collected with PVC filters using gravimetric analysis. The concentration of PM2.5 and the particle size distribution were measured with real-time direct reading portable equipment using light scattering analysis. The concentration of BC was measured by aethalometer(filter-based real-time light absorption analysis instrument). Results: The geometric mean of respirable dust was the highest at vacuum cleaning as 74.4 ㎍/m³, following by replacing seat covers as 49.3 ㎍/m³ and cabin general cleaning as 47.8 ㎍/m³ . The arithmetic mean of PM2.5 was 4.83 ~ 9.89 ㎍/m³ inside the cabin, and 28.5~44.5 ㎍/m³ outside the cabin(from bus and outdoor waiting space). From size distribution, PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.54 at quick transit cleaning and 0.41 at replacing seat covers. The average concentration of BC was 2~7 ㎍/m³, showing a high correlation with the PM2.5 concentration. Conclusions: The hazards concentration levels of aircraft cabin cleaners were very similar to those of roadside outdoor workers. As the main source of pollution is estimated to be diesel vehicles operating at airports, and it is necessary to replace older vehicles, strengthen pollutant emission control regulations, and introduce electric vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to provide as part of airport-inftastructure a stable standby waiting space for aircraft cabin cleaners and introduce a systematic safety and health management system for all workers in the aviation industry.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.776-787
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• 2002

Automation of welding process in shipyards is ultimately necessary, since the welding site is spatially enclosed by floors and girders, and therefore welding operators are exposed to hostile working conditions. To solve this problem, a welding mobile robot that can navigate autonomously within the enclosure has been developed. To achieve the welding task in the closed space, the robotic welding system needs a sensor system for the working environment recognition and the weld seam tracking, and a specially designed environment recognition strategy. In this paper, a three-dimensional laser vision system is developed based on the optical triangulation technology in order to provide robots with 3D work environmental map. Using this sensor system, a spatial filter based on neural network technology is designed for extracting the center of laser stripe, and evaluated in various situations. An environment modeling algorithm structure is proposed and tested, which is composed of the laser scanning module for 3D voxel modeling and the plane reconstruction module for mobile robot localization. Finally, an environmental recognition strategy for welding mobile robot is developed in order to recognize the work environments efficiently. The design of the sensor system, the algorithm for sensing the partially structured environment with plane segments, and the recognition strategy and tactics for sensing the work environment are described and discussed with a series of experiments in detail.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 1991

The development of notochordal cells of nucleus pulposus was studied with electron microscope in human fetuses ranging from 30 mm to 260 mm crown-rump length. At 30 mm fetus, primitive notochordal cells were large with central nucleus, few organelles, and their cytoplasm usually contained dense glycogen and fine filaments. Notochordal cells at all ages contained bundles of fine filaments of indeterminate nature. One unusual feature of fetal notochordal cells was the consistent presense of rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounding poorly developed mitochondria. At 50 mm fetus, notochordal cells formed dense masses with interdigitating cell membranes connected by a variety of cell to cell junctions. With increasing age, the cell connections became slender threaded cytoplamic extending from cell and enclosed large extracellular space. Chondrocyte-like cells appeared to be separated by large volumes of extracellular matrix. Viable notochordal and condrocyte-like cells existed in specimen from all age. The extracellular spaces were filled with fibrillar and granular material by 90 mm fetus. Necrotic cells were distinguished by loss of their membrane integrity, vacuolization of their organelles, and the presence of dense osmiophilic masses. In adult tissue, notochordal cells became rounded or irregular in shape and developed a pericellular matrix consisting of collagen fibrile, and dense particle. The structure of notochordal cells and their persistance in the nucleus pulposus after fetal life suggested that they may have a significant role in the formation and maintenance of the nucleus pulposus. The presence of Golgi complex and well-developed endoplasmic reticulum in chondrocyte-like cells suggested that they are capable of producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix.