• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2001

This study is to examine the emission quantity of $CO_2$ gas as the environmental load in office buildings. After the investigation of monthly consumption of each energy source(electricity and natural gas), it is analyzed that the $CO_2$ emission quantity of 34 office buildings surveyed is 22.4 kg-c/$m^2$-year, which consists of 17.5 kg-c/$m^2$-year by consurunlelectncif. and 4.9 kg-c/$m^2$-year by consuming natural gas. And the $CO_2$ emission quantity of each load in those buildings consists of 68% emitted by general electricity, 16% by cooling load and 16% by beating load. It is also proposed that the $CO_2$ emission quantity of cooling and heating load is profoundly pertinent to the variation of outdoor temperature.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.79-88
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• 2013

This study creates the evaluation criteria to analyze the $CO_2$ emission quantity in the complex of apartment house among domestic buildings and proposes how to calculate the $CO_2$ emission quantity by the only simple information of apartment house. The study shows that in order to create the index of carbon emission evaluation criteria, $CO_2$ emission quantity for its input materials in these 27 apartment houses are 445,412g-$CO_2/m^2$ for apartment building, 474,322g-$CO_2/m^2$ for the basement parking lot, 483,523g-$CO_2/m^2$ for welfare facility, 729,957g-$CO_2/m^2$ for sales facility, 743,560g-$CO_2/m^2$ for other facility, 26,782g-$CO_2/m^2$ for public facility, 43,659g-$CO_2/m^2$ for landscape, 1,113g-$CO_2/m^2$ for indoor facility, 11,251g-$CO_2/m^2$ for outdoor facility and 891g-$CO_2/m^2$ for common temporary based on the average $CO_2$ emission by facility. We can also see the analysis data that in case of using the selected factors only, the rate of error is 7.51% comparing with the emission quantity by using simplified LCA method this study suggests for the whole range of apartment houses and the rate of error is average 3.24% using selective and main materials. And this it is evaluated that we can get the result which is similar to the actual $CO_2$ emission quantity with only the simple information about the apartment house.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.351-376
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• 2016

This study examines optimal emission taxes and welfares in mixed duopoly markets where public and private firms produce differentiated goods and emit pollutions. Both comparing quantity and price competitions and comparing simultaneous and simultaneous games provides the followings findings: First, irrespective of competition modes between quantity and price competitions or simultaneous and sequential games, the optimal emission tax is always lower than marginal environmental damage. Second, emission tax under private leadership is the highest in quantity competition while that under public leadership is the highest in price competition. Third, environmental damage under Cournot and private leadership is worsened in quantity competition while that under public leadership is worsened in price competition. Finally, welfare under Bertrand and public leadership is improved in price competition while that under private leadership is improved in quantity competition.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2013

In this study, contents of limestone in cement manufactured by six domestic plants for Portland cement were investigated in terms of the strength and its relation to the $CO_2$ emission due to limestone material and its physical properties in cement manufacturing process. the relationship among CaO content, compressive strength, and $CO_2$ emission was surveyed for the limestone quantity in decomposition reaction and the loss of limestone quantity contained in each cement. As a result of $CO_2$ emission calculation for unit cement, it was found that the $CO_2$ emission due to decomposition of limestone was occupied 67% of total emission quantity. Furthermore, there was a difference in $CO_2$ emission quantity depending on the cement manufacturing process management. Also, it was shown that fossil fuel usage and material loss had a major influence as main factors of $CO_2$ emission. An increase in the CaO content in cement resulted in an increase in the compressive strength. On the contrary, CaO content and compressive strength were reduced with the growth of loss quantity of limestone. It was verified that the material and process management were more effective than CaO yield in cement manufacturing for $CO_2$ emission with the growth of $CO_2$ emission quantity. Pozzolanic materials such as PFA and GGBS in concrete mix affected the price, $CO_2$ emission and development of strength of concrete.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

BIM and its quantity take-off widely apply to the construction projects and LCCO2 Assessment using the BIM's quantity take-off function can be tried recently. Because BIM modeling programs such as Revit and ArchiCAD do not provide adequate library for LCCO2 Assessment, quantity take-off data should be conversed and applied to Carbon Emission Coefficient using Excel program or manual work. Therefore, the purpose of this research is 1) to propose the Unit Conversion Systems for Carbon Emission Coefficient, 2) to provide basic library sets for BIM based LCCO2 Assessment method, and 3) to apply 11 material library sets on a apartment unit plan modeling to pursue the CO2 emission evaluation of the material production in the process of LCCO2 Assessment. Research results showed CO2 emission amount of 458.64kgCO2/m2 from the apartment unit plan modeling.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.11-22
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• 2015

Government efforts for green growth policy initiatives demand low-carbon technologies in the road construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm of a road alignment design solution for establishing the multi-dimensional information, and to calculate carbon emission quantity due to the geometric design elements in the planning phase of road alignment. The paper developed a calculation method for carbon emission quantity by drawing a speed profile reflected in the operating speed, acceleration and deceleration, which are majors factor of carbon emissions while driving and by applying a carbon emission factor. From this effort, it enabled alignment planning to reduce carbon emission. Object-based parametric design methods of the cross-sections were proposed for alignment planning, and the paper demonstrated a BIM-based road alignment planning solution. The proposed solutions can provide multi-dimensional information on carbon emission quantity and cross section elements through driving simulation. It is expected to allow construction of eco-friendly roads by deriving optimal road alignment to minimize environmental costs.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.397-404
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• 1994

Smoke is emitted in diesel engines because fuel injected into the high-temperatured and high-pressured combustion chamber burns with its mixture with insufficient oxygeny. In consideration of air pollution, above all, it is necessary to illuminate the cause of smoke emission in diesel engines. The smoke emission, which is characteristic of diffusion combustion in diesel engines, results from pyrolysis of fuel not mixed with air. Therefore the smoke emission is dependent on diffusion combustion quantity, which is in turn controlled by engine parameter. The study aims at making clear and interpreting the interdependence of smoke emission in diesel engines with heat released within combustion chamber, camparing diffusion combustion quantity according to each engine parameter (air fuel ratio, injection timing, and engine speed), and showing the relation between smoke emission and fraction of diffusion combustion through experiment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

The goal of this study is to figure out the remodeling cycle at high-rise apartment housing and to analysis on quantity of $CO_2$ emission about remodeling cycle. The process of research is as follow; 1) Estimate the remodeling cycle through survey targeting residents at high-rise apartment building. 2) Simulate conditions on the high-rise apartment housing. 3) Calculate quantity of energy consumption and $CO_2$ emission 4) Derive elements that are on high level of environmental load evaluation. The main results of this study is as follow; 1) The cycle of finishing such as wallpaper is shorter than the cycle of building equipment such as elements in a toilet. 2) According to result of calculating $CO_2$ emission, fabric wallpaper and mortar are main factors that impact on the environment. The results is important to show reference points on quantitative measuring evaluation for the environmental-friendly extent.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.999-1006
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• 2014

$CO_2$ emission factor for earthwork equipment was made based on fuel consumption quantity using IPCC carbon emission factor. This is presented through the carbon emission estimating guideline each facilities by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation in 2011. However, this method has the defect which don't apply the various condition of site. Therefor it needs the new emission factor supplemented these defects. This study will tries to estimate $CO_2$ emission with the direct measurement method using concentration flow velocity measurement (C-FVM) for earth work equipment and present the new $CO_2$ emission factor for earth work equipment after compare with emission factor of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.254-260
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of multi-hole nozzle on the performance of small CRDI engine. Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of engine were studied by using CFD simulation with ECFM-3Z combustion model. The conditions of simulation were varied with nozzle geometry, injection timing and injection quantity. In addition, the results were compared in terms of combustion pressure, rate of heat release, $NO_x$ and soot emissions. It was found that combustion pressure was increased when injection timing was advanced. The rate of heat release of 6 hole nozzle was higher than that of 12 hole nozzle since the quantity of fuel impinged at the bottom of piston rim was different under different injection timing conditions. In the case of $NO_x$ emission, 6 hole nozzle generated more $NO_x$ emission than 12 hole nozzle. On the other hand, in the case of soot emission, 12 hole nozzle showed higher value than 6 hole nozzle because injected fuel droplets from multi-hole nozzle were coalesced.