• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.188-199
• /
• 1998

The menu planning is closely tied to the acceptability of the food and the satisfaction of the food service system to its client, therefore national school lunch program(NSLP) menu should consider the food preferences of the students. To provide appropriate information and guidelines about desirable NSLP menu planning, the comparison between the frequency of NSLP menus and food preferences of the students was performed, NSLP menus with cooking method of 776 meals were collected from 10 elementary NSLP schools in Seoul and Kyunggi province, and food preference data was surveyed with 1618 elementary school students from 4 NSLP schools in Korea in 1995. According to the cooking methods, NSLP menus served Kimchi(98.3%), rice(71.4%) and soup(71.1%) frequently. Based on the food groups, NSLP menus served vegetables most frequently(188%), followed by grains(101.4%), milk(100%), meat(57.3%), fruits(50.3%), and so on. By Spearman Rank Correlations analysis, the serving frequencies of vegetable side dishes(r=.33, p=.05) were positively correlated with the students' preference score. According to the cooking method, the serving frequencies of steamed dishes(r=1.0, p=.00), salads(r=1.0, p=.00), Kimchi(r=.85, p=.01) and rice one-dish meal(r=.80, p=.10) were positively correlated with the students' preference score. However, the serving frequencies of the main dishes(r=.13, p=.57) and soup group(r=.15, p=.57) were not significantly correlated with the students' preference score. Even though the serving frequency of fruit were negatively correlated with the students' preference score(r= -.80, p=.10). These results indicated that the NSLP menu planned the vegetable side dishes in accordance with the students' food preferences, but it planned the main dish, soup group, and meat side dish group discordantly. Therefore further efforts are needed to involve the preferred cooking methods for increasing the food acceptability. It could be used for the basic guidelines for menu planning of NSLP, and for the future improvement of NSLP in Korea.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.320-328
• /
• 2011

Information regarding the status of lunch box service for children and juveniles from nutritionally vulnerable families is limited and has not been assessed from the view of beneficiaries. Therefore, this study intended to determine the satisfaction, current status, menu preferences, and dietary habits of recipients served lunch-box meals from Pocheon city. There were 41 subjects from primary schools and 73 from secondary schools. Although 94.8% answered that the foods were generally helpful, as much as 28.9% replied that the amount of food provided was too little. Only 77.2% answered that they eat the foods always or usually, 29.5% answered that they throw away leftover foods, and only 71.9% recycled empty containers, suggesting the need for instruction regarding how to deal with leftover foods and containers. Food preferences were high for deep-fried foods and meats and low for fish and vegetables, and that for vegetable egg rolls was relatively high, suggesting the need to increase vegetable intake. Adherences to guidelines regarding street foods was the lowest in both elementary and secondary school students, suggesting that the contents of nutrition education for these students should include materials to improve dietary habits, along with increasing the consumption of milk.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.369-380
• /
• 1991

A study of eating behavior was conducted among 274 children of Nan Hyang elementary school, located in low income area of Seoul, where a school lunch program is not operated. During weekdays, 19.6% of children ate breakfast and 18.4% ate supper alone or with their siblings. The school provided boxed lunches for 10.5% of the children with governmental funds, who were chosen by the school based on their household income. But the percentage of the children skipping breakfast was 14.6%, lunch 10.3% and supper 8.0%. The results of nutritional analysis of the children who had three meals a day and those of children skipped one of the regular meals were compared. The group who had three meals consumed more nutrients except vitamin C than the group skipped meal (p<0.01). Most common meal pattern was consisted of cooked rice, Kimchi and side dishes. When the children didn't have afternoon classes, 10.0% of the children ate Ramen only at home without any side dishes. Among the protein sources, the beans and bean products were the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the milk products, fruits, ice cakes${\cdots}$etc. Their favorite foods were fruits, yoghurt, Chinese black noodle, and sweet potatoes whereas being not prefered foods, were aromatic vegetables. It seemed that the increasing rate of working mothers and the overflooding of instant foods have caused to neglect children's meal management. To solve these problems, nutrition education and extend of school lunch programs should be emphasized.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.405-417
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' satisfaction with foodservice of middle school by region in Gangwon province. Students’ satisfaction concerning foodservice quality characteristics was surveyed by using importance performance analysis(IPA) technique in middle school foodsevice operations. Middle school students from four cities(Gangnung, Sokcho, Wonju, Chuncheon) were surveyed by self-developed questionnaire. Total of 1,025 questionnaires(female 521 and male 504 respectively) were analyzed using SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1.The performance level of foodservice quality attributes was significantly different according to region. 2.The attribute of the highest performance level was taste of food. The attributes of the lower performance level were waiting time of meal service and treatment about complaints. The attributes of the higher importance level were hygiene of food and dining room and hygiene of spoon and cup and drinking water table. 3.Satisfied quality attributes identified were taste of food and variety of menu. Dissatisfied quality attribute identified was treatment about complaints. 4.The satisfaction of middle school lunch service was lower than their elementary school period. 5.The satisfied quality attributes of middle school foodservice were portion size, facility of dining room, hygiene of food, variety of menu compared with their elementary school period.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.482-491
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to find out differences about meal conditions and food preference between non-obese and obese elementary school children. Ten children(non-obese 5 and obese 5) from each of the nationwide 192 schools were surveyed by self-developed questionnaire. Total of 1,767 questionnaires(815 from non-obese and 952 from obese children) were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of the comparative analysis were summarized as follows. There was not significantly different in height between non-obese $group(151.0{\pm}12.5cm)$ and obese $group(151.2{\pm}12.3cm)$. But BMI was significant difference between non-obese $group(18.0{\pm}2.2cm)$ and obese $group(27.3{\pm}3.2cm)$. Economical status was not significantly different between 2 groups. But educational level of parents and mother’ job were significant differences between 2 groups. Only 2/3 of the subjects reported to have breakfast at regular basas, regularity of having breakfast was not significantly different between 2 groups. Also regularity of having lunch during vacation was not significantly different between 2 groups. But Reasons of skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly different between 2 groups. Regularity of having dinner, reasons of skipping dinner, intake amount in dinner, and frequency of having snacks were significantly different between 2 groups. But the time required for lunch and dinner were under 20 minutes of 60-80% of the subjects, and were not significantly different between 2 groups. Non-obese group have liked fast foods, fruits & juices, sweets, and cakes & cookies than obese group. Obese group have liked meat & meat products and ramyeon, but they have not eaten those foods frequently because of anxiety about being more fatty. These findings suggested that nutrition education programs include different strategy according to obesity and obese prevention program is needed for non-obese school children.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.90-105
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to assess macro- and micronutrient compositions in school lunch menus based on the 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches. Ninety-five dieticians in elementary school in Chungbuk were asked to complete a questionnaire on characteristics of the school lunch program(such as type of foodservice, food production system), the information about dietitians(such as age, education, and job history), and the extent of the use of processed foods and frozen foods. Dey were asked to return the questionnaire with the menus including the name and the quantity of every food ingredient offered during a week. A total of 554 lunch menus provided for a week of June 2004 were analyzed. Average nutrient content per meal was as follows; 660kcal, energy; 92.9g, carbohydrate; 26.7g, protein; 21.1g, fat; 287 ${\mu}gRE$, vitamin A: 0.5mg, thiamin; 0.5mg, riboflavin; 29.3mg, vitamin C: 338.2mg, calcium; 3.9mg, iron; and 97mg, cholesterol. Average percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 56.2%, 16.2%, and 29.0%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per meal was higher in rural-type than in urban-type schools. The weekly menu of 40% of the schools provided <55% of energy from carbohydrate, and 39% of the schools offered lunch that provided ${\geq}30%$ of energy from fat. The micronutrient content was generally high when the percent energy from fat was less than 25%. Our results showed that only 52.6% of the schools provided lunches with the energy composition as in the 'Dietary Guideline' of School Lunches. Whole Milk was the major contributor to fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. We suggest that school foodservices start to provide low fat milk instead of whole milk to reduce fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. If low fat milk is served instead of whole milk, percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat can be reduced from 29% to 25%, and ken 10.2% to 9.1%, respectively, and cholesterol could be reduced from 97mg to 79mg. Efforts to meet 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches should be made, especially to reduce fat intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake at sufficient levels for childen.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제36권8호
• /
• pp.1083-1093
• /
• 2007

본 연구는 서울 지역 초등학생 705명과 초등학교 영양사 100명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 학교급식에서의 음료 선호도에 대한 인식과 제공 실태를 파악하고 영양사와 초등학생간의 음료 선호도 인식의 차이를 비교 분석하였다. 이에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 학교급식에서 나오는 우유 선호도에 대한 초등학생의 의견은 보통이다(35.2%), 좋다(22.0%), 싫다(18.3%), 매우 좋다(12.2%), 매우 싫다(12.2%) 순이었다. 남학생과 여학생의 학교급식 우유 선호도에 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며 여학생(평균=2.79)보다 남학생(평균=3.24)의 학교급식 우유 선호도가 높았다. 학교급식에서 나오는 요구르트 선호도에 대한 의견은 매우 좋다(39.9%), 좋다(35.1%), 보통이다(20.1%), 싫다(2.9%), 매우 싫다(1.9%) 순으로 우유 선호도와 달리 요구르트 선호도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 남학생과 여학생의 학교급식 요구르트 선호도에 유의적인 차이가 나타났으며 여학생(평균=3.88)보다 남학생(평균=4.26)의 요구르트 선호도가 높았다. 학교급식에서 나오는 과일주스 선호도에 대한 의견은 매우 좋다(53.5%), 좋 다(30.4%), 보통이다(13.9%), 싫다(1.3%), 매우 싫다(0.9%) 순이었다. 학교급식에 나오는 과일주스 선호도는 우유나 요구르트보다 비교적 높게 나다났으며 남학생(평균=4.37)과 여학생(평균=4.32)의 과일주스 선호도의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 초등학생의 과일주스 섭취빈도 조사 결과 설문 응답자의 41.8%가 과일주스를 일주일에 2-3번 섭취하고 설문 응답자의 21.5%가 한 달에 2-3번 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 과일주스를 마시는 동기로는 과일주스 맛을 느끼고 싶을 때(30.1%), 간식(27.3%), 갈증해소(24.2%) 순으로 나타났다. 초등학생이 가장 좋아하는 과일주스는 오렌지주스(34.1%), 사과주스(20.77%), 포도주스(17.5%) 순이었으며 가장 자주 마시는 과일주스로는 오렌지주스(57.3%), 포도주스(13.8%), 사과주스(8.1%) 순으로 조사되었다. 초등학생이 선호하는 과일주스와 가장 자주 마시는 과일주스 1순위로 모두 오렌지주스를 선택하였으며 사과주스와 포도주스는 선호도에 비해 섭취 빈도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 영양사를 대상으로 학교급식에서 과일주스 제공 실태 조사 결과 응답자의 과반수 이상이 한 학기에 1회 미만(61.0%)으로 과일주스를 제공한다는 것으로 나타나 학교급식에서 과일주스 제공빈도가 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 감귤주스와 사과주스가 학교급식에서 자주 제공되는 과일주스로 꼽혔으며 영양사들은 학교급식에서 1인용 과일주스의 포장용기로 종이팩이 가장 적당하다고 대답하였다. 현재 57.8%의 학교 급식에서 1인당 125 mL의 사과주스를 제공하고 있고 14.7%의 학교급식에서 1인당 100 mL 의 사과주스를 제공하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 영양사들이 인식하는 적당한 1회용 과일주스 양은 125 mL(58.1%). 100 mL(31.4%) 순이었다. 학교급식 메뉴로서 과일주스보다 요구르트를 더 선호하는 이유로 유산균 및 칼슘 보충가능, 저렴한 가격, 선호도 등이 대부분을 차지하였다. 영양사들은 초등학생들이 과일주스보다 요구르트를 더 좋아한다고 생각하고 있으며 실제 초등학생들의 과일주스에 대한 선호도는 우유와 요구르트의 선호도보다 매우 높았다. 초등학생의 우유 선호도에 대해 영양사들은 초등학생들의 실제 우유 선호도보다 초등학생들이 우유를 좋아하지 않는다고 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 영양사가 인식하고 있는 초등학생의 요구르트 선호도는 실제 초등학생의 요구르트 선호도보다 높게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 영양사들은 초등학생의 실제 과일주스에 대한 선호도보다 매우 낮게 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 영양사들의 학력수준과 영양사들이 인식하는 초등학생의 과일주스 선호도에 대하여 교차분석을 실시한 결과, 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 초등학생들의 높은 과일주스 선호도에 비해 학교급식에서 과일주스의 제공빈도는 한 학기에 1회 미만인 학교가 61.0%로 나타나 학생들의 과일주스 선호도와 학교급식에서의 과일주스 제공빈도 사이에는 큰 격차가 있음을 본 연구의 결과가 보여주고 있다. 학교급식에서 과일주스 제공시 높은 단가와 과일 자체의 당으로 인해 학생들의 비만이 우려되는 면도 있지만 영양사들은 초등학생의 과일주스에 대한 높은 선호도와 급식 제공의 편리성 및 비타민 공급원이라는 것을 인식하여 학교급식에서 과일 주스의 제공빈도 증가를 고려해 보아야 할 것이다. 또한 과일주스 생산 및 판매 업체는 학교급식에서 과일주스 소비 촉진을 위해 과일주스의 정확한 영양 정보(당 함유율 등)를 표시하고 원산지 공개 등을 통하여 영양사와 학부모들이 신뢰할 수 있는 제품임을 확인시켜 줄 필요가 있다. 그리고 학교급식을 위한 적정한 용기와 양을 조사하고 주스 단가를 이전보다 낮추는 방법을 적극적으로 검토할 것을 제안한다. 초등학생의 설문조사 회수율은 99.7%로 매우 높은 비율을 보였지만 영양사 대상 설문조사는 17.9%로 낮은 회수율을 보였다. 이는 직접 학교를 방문하여 설문조사를 한 초등학생과 우편으로 설문지를 발송하고 회수한 방식에 따른 차이로 해석될 수 있다. 회수율과 서울 지역의 영양사만을 대상으로 한 점을 고려해 볼 때 영양사 대상으로 조사된 연구 결과의 일반화에 어려움이 있기 때문에 후속 연구로 조사 대상을 전국 지역으로 확대하여 본 연구결과와 비교해 봄이 바람직할 것으로 보인다. 또한 개별 학교별로 해당 학교의 영양사와 해당 초등학교의 학생들 간의 매치된 자료를 통한 분석을 통하여 인식의 차이를 파악하고 이에 대한 실용적이고 구체적인 방안을 마련할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyse the nutrient intake of the elementary students participating in the School lunch program and to compare the amount of the plate waste generated in two school foodservice operations that were located in an urban(school A) and a rural area(school B), respectively. A plate waste analysis was conducted for each menu item to separate and quantify food waste discarded in service phases of each operation. The SPSS 10.0 for window was used for data analysis. Non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney) was adopted to determine if significant differences existed in amounts of food waste generated in school A and school B. An average of 415 meals, including 43 adult meals, were served daily in school A, while an average of 177 meals, including 24 adult meals, were served daily in school B. Throughout the study the percentage of plate waste in vegetable dishes was high in both school. The food served to the students in school A met most of the RDA set by Korean Nutrition Association except vitamin A, while that served to the students in school B satisfied RDA in all aspects. Between 10-20% of the nutrients served were discarded as plate waste(school A : 11-27%; school B : 5-14%). Students in school B took significantly more niacin than students in school A did. It should be noted, though, that the RDA was still met in both schools except the vitamin A in case of school A, even after considering the plate waste. The research results suggested that school foodservice dieticians should evaluate the acceptability of menu items based on food waste per meal, and help increase the students' awareness of the environmental impact of food waste. Further, teachers, parents and dieticians should be encouraged to provide environmental education to the students that focused on the reduction of food waste.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.63-75
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to establish the hygiene standards for chicken entrees (deep-fried breast chicken, chicken and potato in red pepper paste and smothered chicken) served with in 3 different elementary school lunch programs during 2002. The study evaluated the layout characteristics of the food facilities, and determined the physical and microbiological hazards for the production of chicken entrees based on the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system. The kitchen layouts needed to be remodeled for the separation of soiled and clean work areas. The pH values for all items were over 6.0, which require careful attention. The microbial assessments of 3 chicken items revealed that the TPC, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were within normal ranges, but Salmonella was found at several stages in the production of all products, with the exception of smothered chicken. The bacterial counts of the kitchen utensils and cooks' hands exceeded acceptable limits, and workers' sanitary practices were poor in terms of sanitary handling and holding of foods and utensils. The CCPs determined related to the steps of receiving, cooking and breaking of egg shells. From our findings, it is recommended that chicken entrees should be prepared and served very carefully, as salmonella was detected at several stages during meal production, and the aim of the HACCP system is to secure against food-borne illnesses due to reckless school food service operations.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.193-205
• /
• 1995

This study was designed to observe the degree of nutritional knowledge, eating habits and nutritional attitudes of elementary school teachers in Seoul. Two hundred seventy eight teachers were examined on questionnaire I October. 1994. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. 82.7% of the subjects were not experienced the nutrition education after graduated. They had information about nutrition through the newspaper and magazine and only 26.4% of the subjects reflected in their daily lives the nutrition information. 2. More than 65% of the subjects took a regular meal and above 90% of the subjects took korean food style as breakfast and dinner and 71.5% of the subjects ate mixed food such as barley or bean. 3. 693% of the subjects pointed out the problem of meal pattern such as overeating, too salty and hot, and irregular meal time. 4. The average score of their nutritional knowledge was 21.88(the highest mark was 30.00) and related to the sex, age, monthly total income, the length of career in school lunch program. 5. The average score of their eating habits was 8.65(the highest mark was 16.00) and related to the sex, the number of family, monthly total income, the length of career in school lunch program. 6. The average score of their attitude toward the nutrition was 26.83(the highest mark was 45.00) and related to the only age. 7. Nutritional knowledge had positive correlation with their eating habits and nutritional attitude. Eating habits had positive correlation with nutritional attitudes, too. In this study, the subjects was poor in nutritional knowledge, attitude and eating habits. It is necessary to develop the nutrition education program to make us recognize the importance of nutrition and health.