• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.929-934
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• 2015

Because of the recent rapid advances in the development of ships with a larger proportion of electrical and electronic equipment, The usable frequency spread spectrum on ships is global trend. Therefore, concerns have been raised regarding the possible hazardous health effects of electromagnetic fields radiating from electronic devices. Although studies and investments on electro-magnetic fields in terrestrial areas are being conducted, they are not applied to a ship. In this paper, we measured electromagnetic fields in ship propulsion systems, and we analyzed the measured values against Korean and international standards. While the measured results satisfied the Korean standard, the Italian standard was not met in the switchboard area. However, the measured values were close to meeting the Italian standard. Therefore, further studies should be conducted for performing a comparative analysis of data in order to specify a standard of electromagnetic fields in propulsion systems that can be applied in the construction of government infrastructures.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1995 no.05
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• pp.179-182
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• 1995

Although air, water, and noise pollutions have been widely recognized, electromagnetic forces(EMF) hazard has been rarely recognized as a pollution and very little studies has been done in this country. Thus, in this study electromagnetic forces radiated by various home appliances, once machines, and communication equipments were measured and so were several places radiating strong EMF such as subway stations and electric substations. Among the home appliances microwave oven senates lots of magnetic field and microwaves, and electric mattress does strong magnetic field. In video game room strong magnetic and considerable electric fields were measured. It was observed strong magnetic field inside of electric powered train and very strong magnetic and electric fields on some platforms. Hand-phone and car-phone radiate very hazardous level of microwaves to brain and that they rapidly come into wide use. In this study data base for various electric machines and places radiating strong EMFs were constructed and could be used for future epidemiological studies.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2004

Background: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are ubiquitous in modern society including medical field. As the technology of medical instruments and telecommunications has developed rapidly, it has influenced on our lives in many ways. Modern medical practice requires high quality medical equipments, which have a great deal of electromagnetic interference and susceptibility. The purpose of this study were to evaluate electromagnetic condition under usual clinical condition and to suggest a practical guideline in general hospital. Materials and Methods: The actual state of the electromagnetic interference in the medical field was studied under usual clinical conditions including operating rooms, intensive care units, magnetic resonance imaging unit, and hyperthermia unit. Results: There was considerable noise as a result of electromagnetic fields from medical equipments including electrosurgical units and hyperthermia unit, and cellular phones, which could induce serious functional derangements of functioning medical devices. Conclusion: It will be necessary to evaluate the individual electromagnetic situations under various medical conditions and to define a limited zone for cellular phone as well as reposition medical equipments to secure a safer medical practice and to minimize electromagnetic interference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.20-28
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• 2021

With an increase in the commercialization of electricity, and the development of advanced and large electric devices and various wireless radio wave services, concerns over the effects of electromagnetic fields on human health have increased. Accordingly, the World Health Organization encouraged the development of international standards by establishing the 'International Electromagnetic Fields Project' in 1996 based on studies on the harmful effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body. Moreover, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) classified electromagnetic fields as possible carcinogens under Group 2B category, even though they have been found to have a weak correlation with those effects on human health. Mid-to-large-sized electric facilities used at industrial sites mostly adopt a commercial frequency of 60 Hz, and workers handling these facilities are exposed to such extremely low frequency (ELF) fields for a long time. A previous study suggested that exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields with frequency ranges from 0 to 300 Hz, even for a short time, at densities higher than 100 μT may have harmful effects on human body as it affects the activation of nerve cells in the central nervous system by inducing an electric field and current and stimulating muscles and the nervous system in the body. Such studies, however, focused on home appliances used by ordinary people, and research on facilities utilizing high-capacity current and operated by workers at industrial sites is lacking. Therefore, in this study, a 3000 kilowatt generator, which is a high-capacity electric facility employed at industrial sites, was investigated, and the size of the magnetic fields generated during its no-load and high-load operations per distance to produce a map was measured to reveal spots deemed hazardous according to domestic and international exposure standards. The findings of this study is expected to alleviate workers' anxiety about the harmful effects of magnetic fields on their body and to minimize the level of exposure during operations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.117-129
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• 1999

Acute effects of locally applied of static magnetic field (SMF) and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field(ELF-EMF) to the cutaneous tissue within a rabbit ear chamber (REC)were evaluated under conscious conditions. Rabbits with the REC were subjected to intravital microscopical investigation by use of microphotoelectric plethysmography(MPPG). There was no dose-response relationship between the extent of vasomotion changes and frequencies(0,20,50, 100Hz)or power levels (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mT). Under low vascular tone the both fields induce vasodilatation. The effects of SMF (1 mT) on the cutaneous microcirculatory system induced the vasodilatation with enhanced vasomotion under nor-adrenaline-induced high vascular tone as well as the vasoconstriction with reduced vasomotion under acetylcholine-induced low vascular tone. This suggests that the SMF can modulate vascular tone due to the modification of vasomotion biphasically in the cutaneous tissue.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.523-528
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• 2013

Background: The possibility that electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure may increase male breast cancer risk has been discussed for a long time. However, arguments have been presented that studies limited by poor quality could have led to statistically significant results by chance or bias. Moreover, data fo the last 10 years have not been systematically summarized. Methods and Results: To confirm any possible association, a meta-analysis was performed by a systematic search strategy. Totals of 7 case-control and 11 cohort studies was identified and pooled ORs with 95% CIs were used as the principal outcome measures. Data from these studies were extracted with a standard meta-analysis procedure and grouped in relation to study design, cut-off point, exposure assessment method, adjustment and exposure model. A statistical significant increased risk of male breast cancer with EMF exposure was defined (pooled ORs = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.14-1.52, P < 0.001), and subgroup analyses also showed similar results. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that EMF exposure may be associated with the increase risk of male breast cancer despite the arguments raised.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2018

The exponential increase in the use of mobile communication has triggered public concerns about the potential adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by mobile phones on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we explored the relationship between calcium channels and apoptosis or autophagy in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice after RF-EMF exposure with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 4 weeks. Firstly, the expression level of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), a key regulator of the entry of calcium ions into the cell, was confirmed by immunoblots. We investigated and confirmed that pan-calcium channel expression in hippocampal neurons were significantly decreased after exposure to RF-EMF. With the observed accumulation of autolysosomes in hippocampal neurons via TEM, the expressions of autophagy-related genes and proteins (e.g., LC3B-II) had significantly increased. However, down-regulation of the apoptotic pathway may contribute to the decrease in calcium channel expression, and thus lower levels of calcium in hippocampal neurons. These results suggested that exposure of RF-EMF could alter intracellular calcium homeostasis by decreasing calcium channel expression in the hippocampus; presumably by activating the autophagy pathway, while inhibiting apoptotic regulation as an adaptation process for 835 MHz RF-EMF exposure.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2003

In this paper, a computational method of an action potential including the effect of extremely low frequency and mobile phone (external) electromagnetic fields is Proposed. The method is based on the Hodgkin and Huxley model, applies the effect of the electromagnetic fields on the action Potential in terms of a binding factor into the injection current of the model, and calculates the Strength-Duration curve from numerical experiments for a frequency range of electromagnetic fields. In the numerical experiments, the coupled ordinary differential equations of the action potential and the state variables are solved solf-consistently by using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method. The range of the frequency considered is from 1Hz through 100Hz and of 900MHz, which is specific for a mobile Phone. The Strength-Duration curves resulted showed good agreements with the equation suggested by Hodgkin and Huxley.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

This paper addresses the assessment methods used to evaluate the magnetic exposure of a human to ELF EMF (Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field) which is caused by the process of power delivery from 60 Hz commercial power. These days the main concern is primarily focused on the magnetic field. For the exposure assessment, both numerical studies and laboratory experiments were studied and the results of the two compared for methodological suitability. The numerical analyses employ the Impedance Method (IM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), and Finite Element Method (FEM) and the laboratory experiments used various human phantom models made with conductivities congruent to human organs and then exposed to uniform/non-uniform magnetic fields to produce eddy currents. Under these conditions a number of examples have been evaluated and the reliability assessed to present the pros and cons of each methodology.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.161-166
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• 2008

In order to determine the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the frequency of micronuclei (MN), aneuploidy and chromosomal rearrangement induced by bleomycin (BLM) in human fibroblast cells, a 60 Hz ELF-EMF of 0.8 mT field strength was applied either alone or with ELM throughout the culture period and a micronucleus-centromere assay was performed. Our results indicate that the frequencies of MN, aneuploidy and chromosomal rearrangement induced by ELM increased in a dose-dependent manner. The exposure of cells to 0.8 mT ELF-EMF followed by ELM exposure for 3 hours led to significant increases in the frequencies of MN and aneuploidy compared to BLM treatment for 3 hours alone (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between field exposed and sham exposed control cells. The obtained results suggest that low density ELF-EMF could act as an enhancer of the initiation process of BLM rather than as an initiator of mutagenic effects in human fibroblast.