• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 2016

Clayey rock has large clay mineral content. When in contact with water, this expands considerably and may present a significant hazard to the stability of the rock in geotechnical engineering applications. This is particularly important in the present work, which focused on mitigating some unwelcomed properties of clayey rock. Changes in its physical properties were simulated by subjecting the rock to a low voltage direct current (DC) using copper, steel and aluminum electrodes. The modified mechanism of the coupled electrical and chemical fields acting on the clayey rock was analyzed. It was concluded that the essence of clayey rock electrochemical modification is the electrokinetic effect of the DC field, together with the coupled hydraulic and electrical potential gradients in fine-grained clayey rock, including ion migration, electrophoresis and electro-osmosis. The aluminum cathodes were corroded and generated gibbsite at the anode; the steel and copper cathodes showed no obvious change. The electrical resistivity and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the modified specimens from the anode, intermediate and cathode zones tended to decrease. Samples taken from these zones showed a positive correlation between electric resistivity and UCS.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-114
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• 2016

Lithium batteries based on elemental sulfur as the cathode-active material capture great attraction due to the high theoretical capacity, easy availability, low cost and non-toxicity of sulfur. Although lithium/sulfur (Li/S) primary cells were known much earlier, the interest in developing Li/S secondary batteries that can deliver high energy and high power was actively pursued since early 1990’s. A lot of technical challenges including the low conductivity of sulfur, dissolution of sulfur-reduction products in the electrolyte leading to their migration away from the cathode, and deposition of solid reaction products on cathode matrix had to be tackled to realize a high and stable performance from rechargeable Li/S cells. This article presents briefly an overview of the studies pertaining to the different aspects of Li/S batteries including those that deal with the sulfur electrode, electrolytes, lithium anode and configuration of the batteries.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2007

최근 반도체 소자의 고집적화와 나노 (nano) 크기의 회로 선폭으로 인해 기존에 사용되었던 텅스텐이나 알루미늄 금속배선보다, 낮은 전기저항과 높은 electro-migration resistance가 필요한 Cu 금속배선이 주목받게 되었다. 하지만, Cu CMP 공정 시 높은 압력으로 인하여 low-k 유전체막의 손상과 디싱과 에로젼 현상으로 인한 문제점이 발생하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는, $KNO_3$ 전해액의 농도가 Cu 표면에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 Tafel Curve와 CV (cyclic voltammograms)법을 사용하여 전기화학적 특징을 알아보았고 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 분석을 통해 금속표면을 비교 분석하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.4474-4480
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• 2022

Deep geological disposal using a multibarrier system is a promising solution for treating high-level radioactive (HLRW) waste. The HLRW canister represents the first barrier for the migration of radionuclides into the biosphere, therefore, the corrosion behavior of canister materials is of significance. In this study, the electrochemical behaviors of SS316L, Ti-Gr.2, Alloy 22, and Cu in naturally aerated KAERI underground research tunnel (KURT) groundwater solutions were examined. The corrosion potential, current, and impedance spectra of the test materials were recorded using electrochemical methods. According to polarization and impedance measurements, Cu exhibits relatively higher corrosion rates and a lower corrosion resistance ability than those exhibited by the other materials in the given groundwater condition. In the anodic dissolution tests, SS316L exposed to the groundwater solution exhibited the most uniform corrosion, as indicated by its surface roughness. This phenomenon could be attributed to the extremely low concentration of chloride ions in KURT groundwater.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2004

Electrochromic displays offer the possibility of providing high brightness in reflective mode due to the fact that no polarization of the incident or reflected light is required. The use of appropriately roughened reflective layers can enable the diffuse or Lambertian reflection of light. truly imitating the optical nature of paper as a reading medium. Furthermore, the use of an electrochromic system, essentially an electrochemical device, allows for the integration of charge storage layers, endowing such devices with an on-state memory and associated low power consumption. In this paper we describe the $NanoChromics^{TM}$ system and overview the several strategies employed towards the migration of this technology to flexible display formats.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Recently, memristor (anion-based memristor) is referred to as the fourth circuit element which resistance state can be gradually changed by the electric pulse signals that have been applied to it. And the stored information in a memristor is non-volatile and also the resistance of a memristor can vary, through intermediate states, between high and low resistance states, by tuning the voltage and current. Therefore the memristor can be applied for analogue memory and/or learning device. Usually, memristive behavior is easily observed in the most transition metal oxide system, and it is explained by electrochemical migration motion of anion with electric field, electron scattering and joule heating. This paper reports the latest trends and issues of anion-based memristor.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1310-1314
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• 2006

Sulfur-substituted $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_{2-x}S_x$ $(0\;\leq\;x\;\leq\;0.1)$ layered oxides have been prepared by solid state reaction under inert atmosphere. From powder X-ray diffraction analyses, all the present lithium manganates were found to be crystallized with monoclinic-layered structure. Electrochemical measurements clearly demonstrated that, in comparison with the pristine $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_2$, the sulfur-substituted derivatives exhibit smaller discharge capacities for the entire cycle range but the recovery of discharge capacity after the initial several cycles becomes faster upon sulfur substitution. The effect of the sulfur substitution on the chemical bonding nature of $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_{2-x}S_x$has been investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) analyses at Mn and Cr K-edges. According to Mn K-edge XAS results, the trivalent oxidation state of manganese ion remains unchanged before and after the substitution whereas the local structure around manganese ions becomes more distorted with increasing the substitution rate of sulfur. On the other hand, the replacement of oxygen with sulfur has negligible influence on the local atomic arrangement around chromium ions, which is surely due to the high octahedral stabilization energy of $Cr^{+III} $ ions. Based on the present experimental findings, we have suggested that the decrease of discharge capacity upon sulfur substitution is ascribable to the enhanced structural distortion of $MnO_6$ octahedra and/or to the formation of covalent Li-S bonds, and the accompanying improvement of cyclability would be related to the depression of Mn migration and/or to the pillaring effect of larger sulfur anion.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2009

With respect to the durability of large scale ($150cm^2$) membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), degradation phenomena at cathode is monitored and analyzed according to the position on the cathode surface. After constant current mode operation of large scale MEA for 500 hr, the MEA is divided into three parts along the cathode channel; (close to) inlet, middle, and (close to) outlet. The performance of each MEA is tested and it is revealed that the MEA from the cathode outlet of large MEA shows the worst performance. This is due to the catalyst degradation and GDL delamination caused by flooding at cathode outlet of large MEA during the 500 hr operation. Particularly on the catalyst degradation, the loss of electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of catalyst gets worse along the cathode channel from inlet to outlet, of which the reason is believed to be loss of catalysts by dissolution and migration rather than their agglomeration. The extent of loss in the performance and catalyst degradation has strong relation to the cathode flooding and it is required to develop proper water management techniques and separator channel design to control the flooding.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2020

Recently, various degradation mechanisms of lithium secondary battery cathode materials have been revealed. As a result, many studies on overcoming the limitation of cathode materials and realizing new electrochemical properties by controlling the degradation mechanism have been reported. Li-rich layered oxide is one of the most promising cathode materials due to its high reversible capacity. However, the utilization of Li-rich layered oxide has been restricted, because it undergoes a unique atomic structure change during the cycle, in turn resulting in unwanted electrochemical degradations. To understand an atomic structure deterioration mechanism and suggest a research direction of Li-rich layered oxide, we deeply evaluated the atomic structure of 0.4Li₂MnO₃_0.6LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ Li-rich layered oxide during electrochemical cycles, by using an atomic-resolution analysis tool. During a charge process, Li-rich materials undergo a cation migration of transition metal ions from transition metal slab to lithium slab due to the structural instability from lithium vacancies. As a result, the partial structural degradation leads to discharge voltage drop, which is the biggest drawback of Li-rich materials.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.447-451
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• 2007

We investigated the dependence of the various annealing conditions and thickness ($6\sim45nm$) of the Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ coating on the electrochemical properties and the capacity fading of Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ coated $LiCoO_2$ films. The Ti-doped-$Al_2O_3$-coating layer and the cathode films were deposited on $Al_2O_3$ plate substrates by RF-magnetron sputter. Microstructural and electrochemical properties of Ti-doped-$Al_2O_3$-coated $LiCoO_2$ films were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a dc four-point probe method, respectively. The cycling performance of Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ coated $LiCoO_2$ film was improved at higher cut-off voltage. But it has different electrochemical properties with various annealing conditions. They were related on the microstructure, surface morphology and the interface condition. Suppression of Li-ion migration is dominant at the coating thickness >24.nm during charge/discharge processes. It is due to the electrochemically passive nature of the Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ films. The sample be made up of Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ coated on annealed $LiCoO_2$ film with additional annealing at $400^{\circ}C$ had good adhesion between coating layer and cathode films. This sample showed the best capacity retention of $\sim92%$ with a charge cut off of 4.5 V after 50 cycles. The Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ film was an amorphous phase and it has a higher electrical conductivity than that of the $Al_2O_3$ film. Therefore, the Ti-doped $Al_2O_3$ coated improved the cycle performance and the capacity retention at high voltage (4.5 V) of $LiCoO_2$ films.