• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.2 s.183
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• pp.153-170
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• 2007

Loading time and loading environment of the Dokdo seamounts were studied from flexure model and VGP(Virtual Geomagnetic Pole) determined by gravity and magnetic data. In spite of their similarity in size. a large difference about 50 mGal between gravity anomaly peaks of Dokdo and the Isabu Tablemount suggests different compensation degrees. Flexural modeling results show that the flexural rigidity(effective elastic thickness) of lithosphere for Dokdo is stronger(thicker) than that for the Isabu Tablemount. Also, it implies that the age of lithosphere at the time of loading of the Isabu Tablemount may be younger than that of Dokdo. Magnetic anomalies occur complicated over the Dokdo seamounts. Paleomagnetism was studied from VGP estimated by the least square and the seminorm magnetization methods with 1500 m upward continued magnetic anomalies. Age dating of Dokdo from previous study, flexural modeling, VGP, and geomagnetic polarity time scale suggest that after the cease of spreading in the Ulleung Basin, the Isabu Tablemount was formed first in normal polarity interval and followed by Dokdo. Also, they indicate that the fist large eruption of Dokdo was in normal polarity interval and the second large eruption in reversed polarity interval. The Simheungtaek Tablemount was formed in normal polarity interval between the formations of the Isabu Tablemount and Dokdo. These loading times for the Dokdo seamounts show a good coherence with the compressive stress period after the end of the opening of the East Sea. The Dokdo seamounts probably was caused by volcanism associated with the compressive stress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.165-181
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• 1976

Fertilizer(N,P,K) demand for crop production in 1980, 1990 and 2000 was estimated according to the two proposed models, one of which is fertilizer use efficiency model expressed in $Fn=(Y/E){\cdot}(1-Cs)Eu$, where Fn:fertilizer demand, Y:Crop production estimated, E:nutrient efficiency, Cs:fraction of natural resource nutrient in plant, Eu:fertilizer use efficiency and the other fertilization efficiency model expressed in Fn=Y(1-Cys)/Fe, where Cys:fraction of yield without fertilizer, Fe:fertilization efficiency. Total crop uptake of nutrient and its noncycling portion were estimated as criteria for fertilizer demand and nutrient maintenance. Total crop uptake of N,P,K was 600,000 M/T in 1965 700,000 M/T in 1974 and estimated to 880,000 M/T in 1980, 1,170,000 M/T in 1990 and 1,410,000 M/T in 2000. Fertilizer demand appeares to be about 90% of total crop uptake according to fertilizer use efficiency model and about 87% according to fertilization efficiency model. The noncycling nutrient was about 29% of total crop uptake. Fertilizer demand was almost same to the uptake amount in nitrogen, 1.5 times of uptake in phosphorus and half of uptake in potassium. Varietal development, improvement of soil fertility and cultivation method and development of fertilizer forms appears to decrease fertilizer demand by increasing efficiency term in two models while environmental stress such as low temperature appears to give reverse effect resulting in higher fertilizer demand. Fertilizer consumption in 1974 seemed to be unreasonably high especially in nitrogen and phosphorus and thus the effective use of fertilizer appeared as an urgent problem considering that large fields are still remained in lower fertility.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.5-14
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• 2011

One of the new roles of modern retail stores is to supply consumers with a memorable experience. In Korea, enhancing a store's environment so that customers remember a unique shopping experience is recognized as a sound strategy for strengthening the store's competitiveness. Motivated by this incentive, awareness of the experience-store concept is starting to increase in various categories of the retail industry. However, many experience stores, except in a few cases, have yet to derive a significant profit, explaining why Korean consumers are somewhat unfamiliar with, yet fascinated by, the experience stores that now exist in the country. Consumer satisfaction directly, and indirectly, affects a company's future profit and potential financial gain; customer satisfaction also affects loyalty. Therefore, knowing the significant factors that increase satisfaction and loyalty is essential for any company, in any field, to be able to effectively differentiate itself from the competition. Intrigued by increased competition opportunities, most Korean companies have adopted experience-store marketing strategies. When establishing the most effective processes for increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage of a new concept, companies should consider certain factors that influence consumers' ability to accept new concepts and ideas. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theory that models how people accept new concepts. TAM proposes the following two factors that influence a person's decisions about how, and when, he or she will use a new product: "perceived usefulness" and "perceived ease of use." Much of the existing research has suggested that a person's character also affects the process for accepting new ideas. Such personal character attributes as individual preferences, self-confidence, and a person's values, traits, and/or skills affect the process for willingly consenting to try something new. It will be meaningful to establish how the TAM theory's components, as well as personal character, affect individuals accepting the experience-store concept. To that end, as it pertains to an experience store, the first goal of the study is to examine the influence of innovative factors (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) on satisfaction and loyalty. The second objective is to define the moderate effect of consumers' personal characteristics on the model. The proposed model was tested on 149 respondents who were engaged in leisure sports activities and bought sports outdoor garments and equipment. According to the study's findings, the satisfaction and loyalty of an experience store can be explained by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, with the study's results demonstrating the stronger of the two factors being "perceived ease of use." The study failed to explain the effects of a person's character on the model. In conclusion, when the companies that operate the experience stores execute their marketing and promotion strategies, they should stress the stores' "ease of use" product components. Additionally, it can be extrapolated from the study data that since the experience-store idea is still relatively unfamiliar to Korean consumers, most customers are not yet able to evaluate, nor take a position regarding, their respective attitudes toward experience stores.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 1997

Background : In many Nursing Delivery System, Nursing Department at D Hospital had used to traditional nursing practice model what is called functional activities based system. It has a lot of merit that carried out specialized and rapid works but tend to ignore indivisual professional responsibility and task-based work assignments. In addition this system showed high turnover rates due to heavy workload, timesum of handing over duties, lack of support from peers and interstaff communication. So we performed conversion of Nursing Delivery System to My Patients Nursing Care System for providing comprehensive nursing to patient and reducing turnover rates and increasing job satisfaction to nurse. Method : 1. 1st step(96.4.9): Detected the problem of Nursing delivery System and estabilished improving planning 2. 2nd step(96.4.26): Visited other hospital on job training 3. 3th step(96.4.29): Discussed to premonitoring problem after conversion Nursing Delivery System and prepared structure 4. 4th step(96.5.6): My Patients Nursing Care System practical application 5. 5th step(96.7.20): Held complementary meeting 6. 6th step(96. 7): The other ward application 7. 7th step(96. 10): Extended application to whole wards Results: 1. Workload: (1) reduction(55.6%) (2) addition(44.4%) 2. Strong points after conversion: (1) decreased timesum of handing overduties (35.2%) (2) increased responsibility(33%) (3) broaden nurse's outlook to duties(14.8%) 3. Shortcoming after conversion: (1) understanding difficulties except my patient(57.8%) (2) weak teamwork(23.3%) (3) intensive stress to low grade nurse(12.2%) 4. Effective complemental way: (1) manpower(76.7%) (2) conversion of though (8.9%) (3) education(14.4%) 5. Patient's satisfaction: (1) satisfaction(64%) (2) no effect(36%) 6. Physician and peer's satisfaction: (1) satisfaction(12.5%) (2) dissatisfaction(21.6%) (3) no interest(44.3%) 7. Nurse's satisfaction: (1) satisfaction(74.7%) (2) dissatisfaction(5.5%) (3) unknown(20.5%) 8. Want to continued: (1) want(76.4%) (2) try to any other system(18%) Conclusion : Even though Nursing Delivery System conversion still has many problem, we gained more merits than traditional nursing delivery system. So we suggest that My Patients Nursing Care System should be encouraged for comprehensive nursing care and satisfaction to nurses.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

Recently, our ocean development paradigm is changing so that the development focus has been moved from the port facility developments to creating useful marine space. This paradigm accords well with the current green technology and helps the growth of service industries and the development from this paradigm can become a national land mark. Accordingly, the concept of creating marine waste landfill by the development of resource recycling technology has been introduced for eco-friendly space as an artificial island in future. Therefore, this study introduces the reactive vertical drainage method that is to pursue the purification of pollutants as well as stabilization of newly deposited soils in marine environments. To install the reactive vertical drainage piles for more effective feasibility and constructability, placements of drainage mid-layer are considered in the geotechnical viewpoint. Consolidation characteristics were evaluated by standard consolidation tests after several types of model test. As s result, the application of mid-layer drainage is strongly recommended in the reactive vertical drainage to quickly stabilize newly deposited soils. And vacuum consolidation method has better consolidation characteristic than vertical loading method in terms of the settlements predicted by additional stress for further use as an artificial island.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2189-2198
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• 2014

Paraquat (PQ) is a very effective and widely used herbicide that was commercially introduced in 1962. In this study, instead of using antioxidants like in the past, to inhibit the formation of PQ-induced ROS, we attempted to reduce the oxygen concentration by using non-lethal hypoxia therapy. Therefore, we studied the toxicity of PQ in vivo, analyzed the major effects of ROS on the targeted lung tissue and compared the results with the gross histological changes after the cell protective effect of non-lethal hypoxia therapy. In vivo studies demonstrated that low-concentration oxygen therapy (i.e., 10-12% oxygen) in rats administered with PQ was associated with a higher survival rate than in rats that received only PQ. In vivo non-lethal hypoxia treatment showed better survival and less lung tissue damage. Using a hypoxic/anaerobic incubator with integrated multifaceted molecular analysis, including MDA assay, glutathione assay, and SOD assay, we established an optimal, significantly reduced in vivo non-lethal hypoxia treatment by exploiting the PQ-induced cytotoxicity responses.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2001

In the present study, mainly to determine the embarkation time of equipment in dredged clay fills, an analytical approach is performed to predict a variation of the undrained shear strength in the outermost layer. In this approach, Gibson's non-dimensional linear constant defining the relationship between the void ratio and the effective stress is employed. Also in this approach, void ratios and settlements associated with the volume change due to the self-consolidation and the desiccation shrinkage are evaluated at various elapsed times based on the finite difference solution technique proposed by the authors(1999) and the developed computer program named as DSCON. Predicted results(water content ratio, unit weight and undrained shear strength) are compared with those of laboratory model tests conducted with soil samples obtained from the Koheung site. Based on the predicted undrained shear strengths, possible embarkation time of a equipment is also evaluated. In addition, further analyses are made to indirectly verify the efficiency of the analytical approach proposed in the present study using the PSDDF computer program which can consider the drainage efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.389-398
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• 2013

The structural provisions of rectangular CFT (concrete-filled tubular) columns in the 2005/2010 AISC Specification, ACI 318-08, and EC4 were comparatively analyzed as a preliminary study for establishing the unified standards for composite structures. The provisions analyzed included those related to the nominal strength, the effect of confinement, plate slenderness, effective flexural stiffness, and the material strength limitations. Small or large difference can be found among the provisions of AISC, ACI, and EC4. Generally, the 2010 AISC Specification provides the revised provisions which reflect up-to-date test results and tries to minimize the conflict with the ACI provisions. For example, the 2010 AISC Specification introduced a more finely divided plate slenderness limits for CFT columns. In seismic applications, the plate slenderness limits required for highly and moderately ductile CFT columns were separately defined. However, the upper cap limitations on material strengths in both the AISC and EC4 provisions are too restrictive and need to be relaxed considering the high-strength material test database currently available. This study found that no provisions reviewed in this paper provide a generally satisfactory method for predicting the P-M interaction strength of CFT columns under various material combinations. It is also emphasized that a practical constitutive model, which can reasonably reflect the stress-strain characteristics of confined concrete of rectangular CFT columns, is urgently needed for a reliable prediction of the P-M interaction strength.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.111-124
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest effective methods for not only preventing college students from being exposed to smoking but also helping them stop smoking, by examining and analysing a variety of factors related to their smoking behavior. Methods: To accomplish the purpose, this study was carried out using 1,553 valid questionnaires selected from 1,584 questionnaires completed and returned by 1,800 randomly chosen students of 2 colleges and 3 universities in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province and Daegu City during the period of April 3 through April 21, 2006. Results: It was turned out that while the total smoking rate of whole students was 52.4% in male students and 9.1% in female students, the smoking rate after their admission to the college was 27.1% in males and 1.5% in females. It was also shown that both the perceived susceptibility and barrier factors of Health Belief Model were statistically significant, and that the perceived seriousness factors were entirely significant in all other variables except the body seriousness. The perceived benefit factors were significant in only the variable that there would not be any improvement in academic performance even after stopping smoking. A relation between smoking and stop smoking program or smoking prevention program showed that the non-smoking rate was significantly high among the college students who participated in such programs while in middle school. When variables having a significant effect on smoking students after their admission were analysed, it was shown that the smoking rate was higher among males than females students, and that the more the number of smoking friends is and the more the number of students thinking that stop smoking would make it difficult to release stress and make friends is, the higher the smoking rate is among students. It is required, therefore, to encourage students to continuously participate in more smoking prevention programs from middle school, and to put an emphasis on a variety of smoking-related illnesses and advantages from non-smoking. Conclusions: Since the current smoking rate among college students is relatively high but most of the smoking students surveyed are ready to actually try to stop smoking, it will be possible to significantly reduce the smoking rate among college students if proper methods are suggested to eliminate barrier factors they face while participating in the stop smoking programs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 1997

To make a stable o/w emulsion, the effects of egg lecithin as an emulsifier and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an auxiliary emulsifier on the physical stability of emulsion were investigated. The oil-in-water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and evaluated the physical stability. Average particle size and size distribution of emulsion was measured by dynamic light scattering analyzer and interfacial tension was measured. From the interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.1 %w/v and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 1.0 %w/v. The mean particle size was about $0.2\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. The short-term accelerated stability studies were conducted by centrifugation, freeze-thaw method and shaking of the emulsion samples. The addition of PVP was caused the reduction in the particle size and improved the physical stability of emulsion. These results suggested that a mixed interfacial film comprising the egg lecithin and PVP was formed at the o/w interface and it was effective in preventing phase separation under thermic or mechanical stress. We used antineoplaston A10 (A10) as a model drug which is peptide and amino acid derivative having a action to the living organism against the development of neoplastic growth by a nonimmunological progress. It has a poor solubility in water and there may be a difficulty in formulation of A10. Emulsion formulation study about A10 was performed. Solubility of A10 in emulsion was about five times as high as that in water. From the results of solubility and partition coefficient, almost A10 molecules in o/w emulsion exist in the interface between oil and water.