• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2001

In order to investigate the eating out behavior of university students, this survey was conducted using the questionaires for 710 students(369 male, 341 female) from 11 universities in Seoul. It was revealed that 39.4% of the subjects spent $60,000{\sim}100,000$ won for monthly eating out cost and 57.8% of them ate out more than once a day. Most of them expended less than 3,500 won for lunch, while 36.5% of them spent $4,000 {\sim}5,000$ won for dinner. Dinner was regarded more important than lunch. Korean foods were the most preferred menu for eating out with friends and fast foods were the second. But Boonsik(snack bar foods), Chinese foods and Japanease foods were rarely selected. Frequency of selecting fast foods was 8 times greater than that of Boonsik. This indicates that the preference of western flavor and the pursuit of convenience is getting more obvious. While dating, western foods were preferred, followed by Korean foods, fast foods. The 80 kinds of foods were reported as favored eating out foods. Although 50 among 80 were Korean foods, the rest of them were Koreanized foreign foods most of those were western style. This may suggest that when the students become adults, they will be much fond of western dish for their dinning out. This tendency of preferring western flavor were much apparent in foods for dinner compared with lunch. In both sexes, the standard of food choice was in the order of taste, price, mood, hygiene, service and brand name. But male students were more conscious of price and service while female students were more concerned about taste and hygiene. Most unsatisfying feature in restaurant was unstable atmosphere for both sexes. Taste was the most important sensory factor in selecting the foods, followed by appearance, smell and texture. Major source of restaurant information was recommendation by friends or relatives. But the use of internet or magazine was negligible. Female students had more positive attitude, compared with male students, in using restaurant information and pursuing eating out for gourmet. The dining out menu of which price ranges about $3,000{\sim}5,000$ won could be preferable foods for most people. Therefore, instead of blaming them for eating too much fast foods, new menus which fit the food preference and affordability of the students should be developed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.10 s.200
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate what kinds of foods university students consume, how often they go out eating, and the regularity and amount of their meals. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 600 university student (home with Parents $40.8\%$: house of relatives $5.5\%$: boarding with cooking $43.3\%$: dormitory $10.3\%$). The main results are as follows: PIBW(percent ideal body weight) was under weight($49.2\%$), normal weight($40.7\%$), over weight($6.0\%$) and obese($4.2\%$). Many students had breakfast irregularly(boarding with cooking: $81.2\%$> home with parents: $71.8\%$> dormitory: $54.8\%$> house of relatives: $54.5\%$). Students who had a meal of average size were $32.5\%$(for breakfast), $61.3\%$(for lunch), and $39.5\%$(for dinner). Students who were home with parents and boarding with cooking had more eating for breakfast and lunch than those who were house of relatives and dormitory. Students who were home with parents and dormitory students ate more often milk, milk products, and kimchi than house of relatives and boarding with cooking students. Home with parents, boarding with cooking and dormitory students ate more often meat, milk, bread, fast food, and instant noodles than house of relatives students. Home with parents, house of relatives, and dormitory students ate more often fish, dried anchovy, and vegetables than boarding with cooking students. Dormitory students ate more often snacks, such as alcohol and fruits, than home with parents, house of relatives, and boarding with cooking students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.269-281
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare dietary habits and mental health among middle school students in urban and rural areas based on bedtime, and to provide evidence supporting appropriate bedtime for Korean middle school students in relation to their healthy dietary habits and mental well-being. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population consisted of 25,681 second-year middle school students who participated in the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2020-2022. Participants were asked about their bedtime and wake-up time during the past 7 days and were classified into five categories. The study compared the general characteristics, academic factors, dietary habits, and mental health of urban and rural students based on their bedtime. RESULTS: Bedtime was found to be later in the following order: urban female students, rural female students, urban male students, and rural male students. As bedtime got later, the rates of smoking and alcohol consumption increased. Students who went to bed before 11 p.m. had lower academic performance, while rural male students who went to bed after 2 a.m. had lower academic performance. Later bedtime was associated with increased smartphone usage, skipping breakfast, consuming fast food, and drinking carbonated beverages. Later bedtime was also associated with higher perceived stress levels, particularly among students who went to bed after 2 a.m., higher rates of suicidal ideation, experiencing sadness and despair, as well as the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that middle school students who go to bed too late have higher rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, as well as unhealthy eating habits, stress, suicidal ideation, sadness, and anxiety. Therefore, it is necessary to provide educational and social institutional support to promote adequate sleep for the health of adolescents.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.423-430
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• 2011

This study aims to provide basic information for conducting reducing children's dental caries, and proper eating habits and ineffective oral health education activities by survey of children's oral examination and their mothers based on 9 elementary school at a local area in Gyeonggi Province from May, 4 until July, 20 2009, and the results were as follows: 1. The children's DMF rate by gender was higher in men than women, the children's dental caries by grades was higher in higher grades than lower grades, so there were statistically significant differences between children's dental caries experiences in gender and grades(p<0.05). 2. Mother's socio-economic characteristics, mother's detergent food intake frequency, the mother's protective food intake frequency and the snack consumption etc. had not great effects on the children's dental caries(p>0.05). In the dental caries experience in children according to the maternal eating behavior, there were the significant differences(p<0.05) between the degree of unbalanced diet in mother and dental caries experience df index in children. Proper eating behavior of balanced diet in mother must take precedence for children's oral health, and required for their children to have interests about proper eating habits and oral health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.124-140
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• 2023

Objectives: This study examined the changes in dietary habits, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and mental health problems in the regional areas of the Republic of Korea before and after the COVID-19 pandemic to provide evidence of the status of regional health inequalities. Methods: This study analyzed Korean adults aged 19 or older who participated in the Korea Community Health Survey (n = 686,708) and Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods (n = 19,109) from 2018 to 2020. The participants were classified according to their residence area (Seoul metropolitan area, Metropolitan cities, Provinces); 2018-2019 were defined as before COVID-19, and 2020 as after COVID-19. The dietary behaviors, chronic diseases, and mental health problems were measured using a self-report questionnaire. Results: After COVID-19, the eating-out usage rate in the Seoul metropolitan area and Provinces decreased compared to before COVID-19 (P < 0.001), and when responding that they eat out, the frequency of eating out with household members in the Seoul metropolitan area increased (P = 0.024). The deliveries/takeout usage rate in the Provinces decreased after COVID-19 compared to before (P < 0.001). After COVID-19, the prevalence of obesity decreased in all regions (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of hypertension increased significantly in the Provinces (P = 0.015). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased continuously before and after COVID-19 in all regions (P < 0.002). High-risk subjective stress levels increased significantly in the Seoul metropolitan area (P < 0.001), and sleep duration significantly increased in all regions (P < 0.001). Major depressive disorder was reduced significantly in Metropolitan cities (P = 0.042) and Provinces (P < 0.001). Conclusions: After the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of chronic diseases and mental health problems showed regional differences along with changes in dietary habits. It is necessary to reflect the regional differences in dietary habits in future policies resolving regional health inequalities.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.220-231
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate elementary students' awareness of the importance of hand washing, as well as their hand-washing behavior. The data was collected by self-reported questionnaire from 697 students in elementary schools with serving food in a classroom in Busan. Their hand-washing frequency was high, at '3~4 times per day (37.0%)'. 51.0% of the respondents did not wash their hands that often because they were 'not accustomed' to washing their hands, and 35.9% of respondents regarded washing their hands as 'annoying'. The most frequently reported hand washing agent was 'soap and water (71.4%)'. Approximately 95~98% of the respondents always washed their hands after using the bathroom, 87.9% of them washed their hands before eating food, and 86.7% of them washed their hands upon returning home. However, 27.3%, 34.1% and 65.9% of the respondents did not wash their hands after handling money, after eating, and after coughing or sneezing, respectively. Significant factors related to increased hand-washing frequency were gender (p<0.001) and the period of attendance at kindergarten (p<0.05). The mean scores of importance and performance of hand washing were significantly higher for girls than for boys. The group with higher rate (over 4.5/5.0) for the importance of sanitary hand-washing behavior showed significantly higher scores in hand-washing behavior before serving food and before eating than those of the lower rated group (below 4.0/5.0). This study shows that sanitation education is required not only for food handlers but also for students in school foodservices.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.523-533
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Given that adolescents watch Mukbang (eating broadcast) more frequently than other age groups, interest in the potential health effects of watching Mukbang and Cookbang (cooking broadcast) is growing. This study aimed to determine the status of watching Mukbang and Cookbang among Korean adolescents and its relationship with their dietary behaviors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We used data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2022 (n = 51,850). The study included the frequency of watching Mukbang and Cookbang and the self-rated impact of watching them. Dietary behaviors included consumption of the following items: fruits (≥ once a day), vegetables (≥ 3 times a day), fast foods (≥ 3 times a week), late-night snacks (≥ 3 times a week), caffeinated drinks (≥ 3 times a week), and sweet-flavored drinks (≥ 3 times a week). Furthermore, obesity, weight loss attempts during the past 30 days, body image distortion, and inappropriate methods to control weight were also included. RESULTS: Among adolescents, 70.6% watched Mukbang and Cookbang, and 13.2% watched them more than 5 times a week. Approximately 27.6% of the adolescents responded that they were influenced by watching Mukbang and Cookbang. Adolescents who frequently watched Mukbang and Cookbang consumed less vegetable and fruit; however, the likelihood of consuming fast food, late-night snacks, sugary drinks, and caffeinated drinks increased. In addition, they were more likely to attempt inappropriate weight-loss methods and become obese. Adolescents who responded that their eating habits were influenced by watching Mukbang and Cookbang were more likely to have unhealthy eating behavior compared to the group who responded that their habits were not influenced by these shows. CONCLUSION: Watching Mukbang and Cookbang is common among Korean adolescents and is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviors. Prospective studies, including broadcasting content, should evaluate the impact of Mukbang and Cookbang on health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.638-646
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to find a relationship between eating behavior, dietary self-efficacy and nutrition knowledge by comparing these items in elementary school students according to food service type. The survey was made through a questionnaire from 759 students in the 6th grade of elementary school in 39 Gangwon Province. The average score of eating behaviors according to food service type was highest for urban type, followed by agri-fishery type, and finally remote island and country type, for the questions asking about the application of nutrition knowledge and the frequency of eating out. The average score of nutrition knowledge according to food service type showed significant differences for the questions about eating snacks before going to sleep and weight increase as well as calorie comparisons between foods. For the correlation of eating behavior, dietary self-efficacy and nutrition knowledge, the agri-fishery type showed positive in all of the three items with significant differences. In the remote island and country type, there was a positive relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary self-efficacy, and between eating behavior and dietary self-efficacy. However, there was no significant difference of correlation between nutrition knowledge and eating behavior. In order to confirm the predictable variables for eating behavior, a regression analysis was made by injecting variables in every stage with independent variables of dietary self-efficacy and nutrition knowledge, which showed a significant relationship with eating behavior. The results showed that, in the urban type, dietary self-efficacy and nutrition knowledge affected the eating behavior and, in the agriculture type and the remote island and country type, only dietary self-efficacy affected the eating behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the affect of eating behaviors on subjective health of multi-cultural adolescents in South Korea. Methods: This study is designed as cross-sectional. Using the statistics from the 15th (2019) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted. Overall, 711 multi-cultural adolescents were included in the analysis. Results: When analyzing the factors affecting the subjective health status of multi-cultural adolescents, normal body mass index (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35~0.89) and milk consumption (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.35~0.83) showed a lower risk of being unhealthy, while skipping breakfast for 5 days (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.33~2.93) and convenience store food consumption (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05~2.40) showed a higher risk of being unhealthy. Conclusion: It is necessary to form positive eating habits that influence the subjective health perception of multi-cultural adolescents. Therefore, appropriate dietary education and systematic support should be provided for multi-cultural families.