• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2022

SST (Sea Surface Temperature) is based on the atmosphere-ocean interaction, one of the most important mechanisms for the Earth system. Because it is a crucial oceanic and meteorological factor for understanding climate change, gap-free grid data at a specific spatial and temporal resolution is beneficial in SST studies. This paper examined the production of daily SST grid maps from 137 stations in 2020 through the ordinary kriging with variogram optimization and their accuracy assessment. The variogram optimization was achieved by WLS (Weighted Least Squares) method, and the blind tests for the interpolation accuracy assessment were conducted by an objective and spatially unbiased sampling scheme. The four-round blind tests showed a pretty high accuracy: a root mean square error between 0.995 and 1.035℃ and a correlation coefficient between 0.981 and 0.982. In terms of season, the accuracy in summer was a bit lower, presumably because of the abrupt change in SST affected by the typhoon. The accuracy was better in the far seas than in the near seas. West Sea showed better accuracy than East or South Sea. It is because the semi-enclosed sea in the near seas can have different physical characteristics. The seasonal and regional factors should be considered for accuracy improvement in future work, and the improved SST can be a member of the SST ensemble around South Korea.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-52
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• 2023

The astronomic observatory of Graw Village is located on Mount Dari Lolikan, facing the village. Graw is located in the foothills of Mount Ser-i-Rash, 25 km northeast of Erbil Governorate, Iraq. This study attempts to clarify the foundations of this observatory, its components, as well as the founder and the date of its establishment. The study made efforts to clarify the benefits of this calendar to local residents in their daily lives. The database for this study is based on direct observation of the observatory station. The observation included the recording date and position of sunset and the appearance of stars throughout the year. Observation and documentation for both sunset and stars were performed over several years due to weather conditions since observation was not possible on foggy and rainy days and nights. Each observation took five to ten minutes depending on the clarity of the sky. The observatory consists of a group of stone cones. Each cone was built by stones in a specific location after careful and long observation of the sunset. Efforts were made to observe the disappearance and reappearance of the stars based on the change in the position of the Earth in relation to the sun. Graw's calendar helped to recognize important times of the year, such as the winter and summer forties, which were very important, especially when snow covered the roads, transportation stopped, crops spoiled, and pets stayed in their barn. The most important features of the winter forties are the memories, experiences, and minds of the villagers' ancestors. The forties were associated with the arrival of cold and heavier rain throughout the year, which is consistent with modern science, as the angle at which the Earth rotates increases the number and activity of weather depressions that affect the study area during this period. This observatory has a close connection with the daily life of the villagers, especially in the past centuries. It helped the people of the area in their appointments to carry out their work in the field of agriculture. The observatory was also of great importance in the field of education in the past centuries, especially in traditional religious schools. It also appears from this research that the calendar has ancient roots, which extend back thousands of years, as evidenced by the Ezidis who follow an ancient religion whose roots extend back thousands of years and who fast during both the winter and summer forties annually, with the participation of people in various regions of the world. It is not known who made this astronomic observatory but most of the oral information that has been passed down to us by word of mouth agrees on both Mullah Abdullah Al-Kurdi and Mullah Omar. Likely, this astronomic observatory was built around the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-60
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• 2024

This thesis originated from a dream of a young man clad in green, suspended like Christ on the stair landing. This dream reminded me of Jung's vision of the Christ on the Cross, bathed in a greenish gold aurum viriditas. Jung associated the analogy of Christ and aurum non vulgi, aurum viriditas of alchemy from this vision. I was fascinated by Jung's words that originally there were four alchemical stages, but by the 15th-16th century they were reduced to three (nigredo-albedo-rubedo); and that viriditas used to exist after nigredo had vanished. This thesis is about the process of unraveling these mysteries through amplification. In the realm of alchemy, viriditas (verdigris) was an old and humble substance, yet it would eventually metamorphose into pure gold under the supervision of alchemists. It was the prima materia of alchemical work and the ultimate product, mercurius itself. It was the celestial spirit, concealed beneath the earth, and the embodiment of transformation, enriching the earth, sprouting a myriad of buds and flowers, turning the land green. I examined the dreams, visions, and pictures of Hildegard of Bingen, C.G. Jung, my analysands, and my own to figure out whether viriditas was the fourth that leads to wholeness that engaged in the whole process of individuation. While working on this thesis, I learned that for our personalities to mature, we must include the lower, the secular, the feminine, the chtonic, and even the evil. To achieve this, we cannot avoid our opposite, the fourth, but to wait and persevere until we can walk together. Then, our lives will be fresh and blossoming.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.35
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• pp.217-253
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• 2020

This study analyzes the principles of the 'Earthly Paradise' (仙境, the realm of immortals), 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' (陰陽合德), and the 'Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' (天地公事) while combining them with Joseon art. Therefore, this study aims to discover the context wherein the concept of Taiji in 'Daesoon Truth,' deeply penetrates into Joseon art. Doing so reveals how 'Daesoon Thought' is embedded in the lives and customs of the Korean people. In addition, this study follows a review of the sentiments and intellectual traditions of the Korean people based on 'Daesoon Thought' and creative works. Moreover, 'Daesoon Thought' brings all of this to the forefront in academics and art at the cosmological level. The purpose of this research is to vividly reveal the core of 'Daesoon Thought' as a visual image. Through this, the combination of 'Daesoon Thought' and Joseon art will secure both data and reality at the same time. As part of this, this study deals with the world of 'Daesoon Thought' as a cosmological Taiji principle. This concept is revealed in Joseon art, which is analyzed and examined from the viewpoint of art philosophy. First, as a way to make use of 'Daesoon Thought,' 'Daesoon Truth' was developed and directly applied to Joseon art. In this way, reflections on Korean life within 'Daesoon Thought' can be revealed. In this regard, the selection of Joseon art used in this study highlights creative works that have been deeply ingrained into people's lives. For example, as 'Daesoon Thought' appears to focus on the genre painting, folk painting, and landscape painting of the Joseon Dynasty, attention is given to verifying these cases. This study analyzes 'Daesoon Thought,' which borrows from Joseon art, from the perspective of art philosophy. Accordingly, attempts are made to find examples of the 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' and Tai-Ji in Joseon art which became a basis by which 'Daesoon Thought' was communicated to people. In addition, appreciating 'Daesoon Thought' in Joseon art is an opportunity to vividly examine not only the Joseon art style but also the life, consciousness, and mental world of the Korean people. As part of this, Chapter 2 made several findings related to the formation of 'Daesoon Thought.' In Chapter 3, the structures of the ideas of 'Earthly Paradise' and 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' were likewise found to have support. And 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' and Tai-Ji were found in depictions of metaphysical laws. To this end, the laws of 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' and the structure of Tai-Ji were combined. In chapter 4, we analyzed the 'Daesoon Thought' in the life and work of the Korean people at the level of the convergence of 'Daeesoon Thought' and Joseon art. The analysis of works provides a glimpse into the precise identity of 'Daesoon Thought' as observable in Joseon art, as doing so is useful for generating empirical data. For example, works such as Tai-Jido, Ssanggeum Daemu, Jusachaebujeokdo, Hwajogi Myeonghwabundo, and Gyeongdodo are objects that inspired descriptions of 'Earthly Paradise', 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang,' and 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth.' As a result, Tai-Ji which appears in 'Daesoon Thought', proved the status of people in Joseon art. Given all of these statements, the Tai-Ji idea pursued by Daesoon Thought is a providence that follows change as all things are mutually created. In other words, it was derived that Tai-Ji ideology sits profoundly in the lives of the Korean people and responds mutually to the providence that converges with 'Mutual Beneficence.'

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2020

With the advent of the 4^th industrial revolution and the combination of IoT, there have been diverse domestic and foreign researches for the development of construction industry. Especially, in the large-scale earthwork site where many and various construction equipments are put into, the control system between construction equipments is important for the increase of productivity. Thus, after developing the fleet management system for the optimum operation of construction equipments, the problems were checked and improved for each step in the process of application at site. In order to verify the site application process of the fleet management system for the optimum operation of construction equipments, the analysis on the productivity was performed by inputting the data used for the actual site and the site data using this system and then comparing the data through simulation. The analysis was limited to excavator and dump. In the results of the analysis, the rate of work per hour was increased to the range of 4 % while the cost price was decreased to 4 %. Even though the results of the analysis could be different depending on the site applied, the results showing the increase of workload of equipments and the decrease of cost price in the complex project at earthwork site verify the increase of productivity.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1063-1076
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• 2017

To improve the productivity of the earthwork, a fleet management system for construction equipment was suggested in previous studies. But there were some gaps between theory and practice. To overcome this problem, some opinions are gathered form experts and field engineers and four improvements have been proposed and reflected in the system. First, the previous system consists of one hardware module, so it is hard to install it at a control office and construction equipment at the same time. The server module for the office and the mobile module for construction equipment are separately developed. Second, the transportation algorithm that is used in the previous system can generate shortest paths for the earthwork distribution, but embankment areas are not gathered. This situation leads to a decrease in compaction productivity. A modified algorithm for earthwork distribution is suggested. Third, the automated coordinate transformation is performed to show the position of construction equipment on the 3D terrain in real-time. Fourth, construction equipment groups should be formed in the initial stage of earthwork and the number of equipment of each groups should be changed by operation status and site environment. But this functions did not work properly in the previous system. This problem is corrected in the proposed system. The improvements can make the proposed system much more realistic one and can leads to an increase in the productivity of earthwork operations.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Recently, the lateral displacement of the passive piles which are installed under the revetment on the soft ground is very important during the land reclamation work along the coastal line. The revetment on the soft clay develops the lateral displacement of ground when the revetment loading exceeds a certain limit. The lateral displacement of ground causes an excessive deformation of underground structure itself and develops lateral earth pressure against the pile foundation. The subject of study is to investigate the lateral displacement of pile foundation during the construction of container terminal at the ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ port in Incheon. The displacement of pile and the vertical settlement were measured in the field and finite element method(FEM) analysis for each construction sequence was performed using AFFIMEX(Ver 3.4). From the comparison of the results from field measurement and the finite element analysis, the settlement of the reventment has already occurred at the time of field measurements. Since then, the noticeable lateral displacement of piles and settlement were occurred during the filling of dredged soil inside the revetment dredging and reclaiming work. After completing filling, the lateral displacement and field settlement were reduced remarkably. Generally, the results from the finite element analysis show larger than those from the measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1883-1896
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• 2009

This paper explores the use of Korean wrapping cloths (bojagi) in the late Joseon period and the types of decorations applied to them. Korean wrapping cloths called bojagi are pieces of cloths used by households of all social classes for practical purposes such as wrapping presents and covering food. In addition to the basic purposes, the making of bojagi was also an activity to express the down-to-earth wishes and the satisfaction of creation by the designer. With regard to the decorative feature of Korean wrapping cloths, five types of, patchwork, embroidered, painted, printed, and oiled-paper wrapping cloths, were examined. The patchwork wrapping cloths (jogakbo) show the frugality of Joseon women in addition to the well-developed composition skill of lines and colors. The embroidered wrapping cloths were prepared for special rituals and ceremonies such as weddings. Painted wrapping cloths were decorated with a Chinese-colors technique (called dangchae) or sometimes with black ink painting. For printed wrapping cloths, various sizes of woodblock printings and roller printings were used. Although monotone black ink was the main color applied to the printing, there was also wrapping cloths made from chintz having brilliant fast colors. Oiled-paper wrapping cloths called sikjibo were in use only for covering food. Cut-out work was employed to decorate it.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2020

Dozer is an expensive construction equipment and has a significant performance impact on earthwork performance. A machine guidance system has been applied to dozer equipment as a solution that can improve the performance. The system can provide earthwork-related information to equipment operators so that earthworks can be carried out with minimum support from surveyors. Construction Equipment Machine guidance has the function of supporting earthwork according to an earthwork plan by providing excavation-related information to machine operators. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance improvement of a machine guidance system for an dozer earthwork operation, and to compare the machine guidance method with the traditional method. The performance has been evaluated in two folds: 1) productivity and 2) accuracy. The productivity shows the quantity of earthwork for a given unit time. The accuracy shows the deviation of grading level from the designed level on the construction drawing for earthwork. The machine guidance system has been applied to a testing bed in a construction site. Data comparison analysis showed that the earth earthwork had 46.59% improvement in productivity as well as 46.96% improvement in accuracy, and is expected to provide a tool for applying smart constrction to the earthwork operation.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.157-179
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• 2004

The application of magnetic method for archaeoprospection has been carried out through two archaeological areas in Egypt, Abydos and Abu Sir, In order to find out tile ancient Egyptian archaeological features. The magnetic work at the selected archaeological site of Abydos area was carried out by gradiometer survey, while magnetic work at the selected archaeological site of Abu Sir area was carried out by gradiometer survey and magnetic susceptibility measurements. A gradiometer survey with raster of 0.5 m/0.5 m has been carried out on a surface area of $9600 m^2$ at Abydos area to relocate the buried Solar Boats. The magnetic data were processed using Geoplot software to treat the field noises and enhance the quality of the obtained images. The final magnetic images indicate the existence of 12 Solar Boats as well as tombs, remains of ancient rooms and walls. All of them are expected to belong to the Middle Kingdom, particularly from the 18th to 20th Dynasties. Two magnetic tools have been applied over a selected site of $25600 m^2$ at Abu Sir area in order to detect the hidden archaeological features nearby the Sun Temple. The acquisition of the magnetic data was initiated by the measurements of the topsoil magnetic susceptibility of 272 samples collected from the whole studied area, and then followed by the gradiometer survey to measure tile vertical gradient of the geomagnetic field over an area of $14400 m^2$. The magnetic susceptibility results show the presence of high concentration at the middle part of the study area with a little extension to the south western side, with maximum value of about $36{\times}10^5$ SI. They may indicate the proximity of ritual monuments. Also, they offered the site of interest for carrying out a gradiometer survey. The gradiometer results show tile existence of numerous distributed archaeological features made of mud-bricks with different shapes and sizes. They may indicate tombs, burial rooms, dissected walls; all of them are expected to belong to the 5th Dynasty of pharaohs, who used to build their buildings by mud bricks. The depth of the expected buried archaeological features has been estimated from tihe gradiometer. It is around 1.2m for deep features and 0.42 m for shallow features.