• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.95-100
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• 1979

As a part of the studies on the regulatory mechanism of gene expression by $GA_{3}$ , the effects of $GA_{3}$ on the protein biosynthesis and phosphorylation in maize seedlings were investigated. 1. The optimum concentration of $GA_{3}$ for the stimulation of the protein biosynthesis was 0.3mM. 2. The protein biosynthesis was remarkably increase by $GA_{3}$ during the germination. The reason for the decrease in the protein biosynthesis by 48hrs. after germination seems to be a staggered gene expression, and/or increases in protease and RNase activities. 3. The ratio of the amount of the newly synthesized protein in germinating seeds treated with $GA_{3}$ to the amount of proteins secreted into the endosperm was similar to that ratio in control. According to this result, it seems that $GA_{3}$ stimulates only the expression of certain definite genes. 4. By the treatment with $GA_{3}$, the rates of biosynthesis and phosphorylation of proteins were increased up to about 1.5 times during germination and 6 times by 72hrs. after germination, respectively. The ratio of the total soluble proteins to the phosphorpoteins considerably increased in the early germination stage (24hrs.) but decreased after 24hrs. According to the above mentioned results, the stimulation of the phosphorylation of proteins of $GA_{3}$ seems to be attributed to the increases in the activities of protein kinases.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.361-365
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• 2019

Epilepsy has been known to humankind since antiquity. The surgical treatment of epilepsy began in the early days of neurosurgery and has developed greatly. Many surgical procedures have stood the test of time. However, clinicians treating epilepsy patients are now witnessing a huge tide of change. In 2017, the classification system for seizure and epilepsy types was revised nearly 36 years after the previous scheme was released. The actual difference between these systems may not be large, but there have been many conceptual changes, and clinicians must bid farewell to old terminology. Paradigms in drug discovery are changing, and novel anti-seizure drugs have been introduced for clinical use. In particular, drugs that target genetic changes harbor greater therapeutic potential than previous screening-based compounds. The concept of focal epilepsy has been challenged, and now epilepsy is regarded as a network disorder. With this novel concept, stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) is becoming increasingly popular for the evaluation of dysfunctioning neuronal networks. Minimally invasive ablative therapies using SEEG electrodes and neuromodulatory therapies such as deep brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are widely applied to remedy dysfunctional epilepsy networks. The use of responsive neurostimulation is currently off-label in children with intractable epilepsy.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper examines how differently output and input tariffs affect domestic employment across industrial characteristics of comparative advantage such as labor quality and capital intensity. Design/methodology - The paper focuses on 453 Korean industries from 2007 to 2014 because Korea is a typical example of a natural resource-scarce open economy and experienced the transition of the export pattern from labor intensity to technology intensity during this period. Findings - The results show that input tariff reduction stimulated total employment, focusing on the early 2010s, while the effects of output tariff reduction were statistically insignificant in general. However, the stimulation effects of output tariff reduction on employment were found in comparative advantage industries with greater labor quality and capital intensity. As for input tariff reduction, its stimulation effects on employment were more prominent in comparative disadvantage industries with lower labor quality and capital intensity. Originality/value - These results provide significant implications for natural resource-scarce open economies which are experiencing the transition of the export pattern from labor intensity to technology intensity and the unequal distribution of income after trade liberalization: imported intermediate inputs has become increasing important, leading to trade effects on employment and alleviation of income inequality.

• Journal of Advanced Information Technology and Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-214
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• 2020

An important technique of the present invention is primarily to parallel light detection, self-pulse therapy after diagnosis. Herpes zoster is a disease caused by varicella zoster virus, and the virus that has been latent in the dorsal root ganglion that controls the skin segment loses its immune system and physically damages it. It is an acute skin disease in which acute pain and bullous rash occur along the sensory ganglia, which are rehab by inducers such as malignant tumors. Dorsal root ganglion after complete recovery of varicella, relapsed after incubation in brain ganglion, latent virus sometimes suppressed activity by cell mediated immunity, and in cell ganglion with reduced cellular immunity. It proliferates and destroys neurons, causing pain while forming a rash and blisters. This can reduce cell necrosis and increase the phagocytosis and enzymatic activity through the movement of ions through the cell membrane, depolarization and membrane potential change, growth factor secretion, calcium ion transfer, chondrocyte synthesis, etc., And may offer treatment options for lesions of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN).Therefore, according to the present research, the diagnosis and treatment device of treating paing for herpes zoster and post-herpetic pain can be implemented in the early stage of herpes zoster, and conventional analgesic regulation, anti-inflammatory effect, post-herpetic neuralgia.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to examine whether the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) after mandibular distraction osteogenesis accelerated bone formation and consolidation. Methods: Eight adult dogs underwent mandibular left body osteotomy. After a 3 day latency period, a distraction rod device was activated at a rate of 1.0 mm once per day for 10 days. After the completion of mandibular lengthening, NMES group was treated twice daily with 2 hours of NMES for 14, and 28 days, while non-NMES group did not receive NMES. The distracted segment was evaluated radiolgraphically histologically and than immunohistochemically for osteopontin (OPN) to evaluate new bone formation and consolidation. Results: Radiography, did not demonstrate significantly different images between the group and the NMES group. Histological examination however, showed that the new bone formation 14 and 28 days after distraction was better in the NMES group when compared to non-NMES group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the staining intensity of OPN increased more in the NMES group than in non-NMES group during early consolidation. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the use of NMES can promote bone formation and consolidation.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.587-598
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to test the microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation on muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase levels and force deficits evident following a high-intensity eccentric exercise bout. 10 volunteer male subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group or to a control group. Exercise consisted of high-intensity eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Resistance was reduced as subjects fatigued, until they reached exhaustion. Muscle soreness rating was determined using a visual analog scale. Serum creatine kinase levels were analyzed using a blood sample. Force deficits were determined by measures of maximal voluntary isometric contraction at $90^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion on a Orthotron II dynamometer. Muscle soreness rating, serum creatine kinase levels and maximal voluntary isometric contraction were determined at the before exercise and again at 24 and 48 hours postexericse. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise. The control group subjects rested following their exercise bout. Statistical analysis showed significant increases in muscle soreness rating and significant decreases in maximal voluntary isometric contraction when the before exercise was compared with 24 and 48 hour measures(p<0.01). No significant effects were observed between groups in muscle soreness rating and maximal voluntary isometric contraction(p>0.05). Highly significants differences in serum creatine kinase levels were found using on Analysis of variance(ANOVA) repeated measures between groups for each time cycles(p<0.001). This modality may have benefits when used early stage in the muscle damage.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

Background: Neuromodulation therapy has been used to an adjunctive treatment promoting motor recovery in stroke patients. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neurobehavioral recovery and evoked potentials in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods: Seventy Sprague-Daley rats were induced permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model and successful stroke rats (n=56) assigned to the rTMS (n=28) and sham (n=28) group. The 10 Hz, high frequency rTMS gave on ipsilesional forepaw motor cortex during 2 weeks in rTMS group. The somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were used to evaluate the electrophysiological changes. Behavioral function of the stroke rat was evaluated by the Rota rod and Garcia test. Results: Forty rats ($N_{rTMS}=20;\;N_{sham}=20$) completed all experimental course. The rTMS group showed better performance than sham group in Rota rod test and Garcia test at day 11 (p<0.05) but not day 18 (p>0.05). The amplitude of MEP and SSEP in rTMS group was larger than sham group at day 18 (p<0.05). Conclusions: These data confirm that the high frequency rTMS on ipsilesional cerebral motor cortex can help the early recovery of motor performance in permanent middle cerebral artery stroke model and it may simultaneously associate with changes in neurophysiological activity in brain.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an exercise with and without neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the quadriceps femoris muscle, on strength, pain, and weight distribution in patients with knee instability post surgery. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients in the early stage of rehabilitation after knee surgery were recruited as subjects and were randomly divided into either experimental group (exercise combined with NMES) (n=10) or control group (n=10). Both groups received strength training of the lower limb for 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The experimental group used NMES for unilateral quadriceps femoris training with incremental increases in the intensity of isometric contraction over 4 weeks. Outcome measurements were assessed using the digital manual muscle testing, 30-chair stand test (30CST), numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and weight distribution using the foot analyzer before and after 4 weeks of training. Results: After the 4-week intervention, knee extensor strength increased significantly in the experimental group post intervention (p<0.05), and there was a significant improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group (p<0.05). The 30CST and NPRS scores improved significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05), and there was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). Weight distribution was significantly improved in the experimental group compared with the control group, (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in improvement between the two groups. Conclusions: This study showed that NMES combined with strengthening exercises of the lower limbs is effective in improving lower limb pain and strength in patients with instability after knee surgery.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 2021

Buffalo animals are slaughtered at their early age and carcasses are chilled rapidly which deteriorates its meat quality and decreases the consumer likeliness of buffalo meat. This study investigated the appropriate methods to prevent the quality deterioration of buffalo meat during chilling. Twenty four 18-mon-old buffalo bulls were slaughtered, electrically stimulated and suspended either by hip or achilles tendon. After 24 h postmortem, meat quality characteristics were recorded. Results showed that electrical stimulation (ES) led to rapid decline of carcass pH compared to non-ES method (p<0.05). Furthermore, electrically stimulated meat presented lower shear force accompanied with the higher CIE L⁎, a⁎, and b⁎ values (p<0.05). Suspension methods only affect the meat shear values and were lowered in hip suspended samples. It can be concluded that ES combined with hip suspension can be adopted to prevent the meat quality deterioration of young buffalo bulls during postmortem storage.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.185-196
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare and analyze differences in gait stability between young and middle-aged adults during treadmill walking, influenced by rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) and time variation. Method: This study involved 20 young adults (age: 24.55 ± 2.09 yrs.) and 18 middle-aged adults (age: 58.35 ± 4.69 yrs.) who each performed both normal gait and RAS gait on a treadmill for 11 minutes each. Gait stability variables including spatiotemporal parameters, center of mass (COM) stability, and the ability to synchronize movement timing were calculated and analyzed. The statistical analyses were conducted using three-way repeated measures ANOVA and two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: RAS gait training in middle-aged adults was found to improve spatiotemporal gait stability and symmetry. However, extending the training to 10 minutes may actually decrease gait stability. Furthermore, both age groups exhibited a decline in active braking ability due to the cognitive load imposed by treadmill-based RAS, while middle-aged adults showed greater variability in motor timing ability early in gait compared to young adults. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that RAS gait training can improve spatiotemporal gait stability in middle-aged adults in the short term. However, after the 10-minute mark, accumulated cognitive and physical fatigue may contribute to a decline in gait stability. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored training methodologies that account for cognitive load and fatigue, particularly in middle-aged and older adults.