• Human Ecology Research
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.509-518
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• 2014

This study strives to analyze the characteristics of and changes in breast shapes of women in their 30s, whose bodies start to age and whose breasts experience changes due to internal and external factors such as pregnancy, childbearing, and breast-feeding. The analysis of the indirect breast measurements for each age group (early, mid, and late 30s) demonstrates that the volume of the breasts increases proportionally with age, the breasts lose their firmness, and the nipples start to point downwards rather than to the sides. The breast shapes experience more significant changes vertically than horizontally as the breasts start to sag downwards. The composition factors of the breasts have been classified into five factors: the level of volume in the breasts and the surrounding area, the degree of sagging in the breasts, the position and vertical width of the breasts, the volume of the breasts, and the degree of width between the breasts. The breasts have been categorized into three different shapes. Breast Shape I (32.56%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape falls into the category of Sagging I, which is one of the six breast types that have been classified by the Japanese Wacoal Research Center, in addition to Korean size 80A. Breast Shape II (38.76%) appeared most frequently among women in their mid 30s, and this shape has been categorized as flat with its size being 70A. Breast Shape III (28.68%) appeared most frequently among women in their early 30s with a conical shape and size 75A.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self care focused home nursing' care outcomes of parturient women following Cesarean sections, The subjects included 56 parturient women following a cesarean section, and they were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group, The experimental group included women who were discharged early from the hospital. 4-5 days after having a cesarean section. Home nursing care for the experimental group consisted of stitch removal. wound care and education for parturient women. Home nursing care was provided for 2-3 days after early discharge. The outcomes of self care focused home nursing care were measured by self-care competency. Data collection was done by a self-reported questionnaire and by a telephone interview 2-3 days after discharge from the hospital(control) or after home care (experimental) from December, 20, 1998 to June, 10, 1999. The questionnaire consisted of 25 items on 9 self-care domains. Data was analyzed by a t-test. and as $x^2$-test. The study results were as follows: 1. The general characteristics of both groups were similar except for the total number of pregnancies, and whether or not they wanted the pregnancy at this time. 2. The self-care competency scores for the experimental group receiving self care focused home nursing care were higher than the scores for the control group(t=2.361. $p{\le}.05$). 3. There was no significant difference in the rate of OPD visiting, readmission, or emergency room use between the two groups. We concluded that self care focused home nursing care is effective in promoting the self-care competency of parturient women following Cesarean sections. It is suggested that further study is needed with a larger sample to be able to generalize these results.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.174-184
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to observe the early postpartum low back pain and pelvic girdle pain in the Korean medical hospital for 2-weeks. Methods: Fifty-one postpartum women who admitted for postpartum care in Korean hospital from December 3rd, 2011 to January 31st, 2012 had written out pain measurement questionnaires(SF-MPQ, VAS, ODI) three times for 2-weeks. SPSS 18.0 for Windows was used to analyse the data and the independent samples t-test, paired T-test were used to verify the results. Results: 1. Evaluation of low back pain within the first week after birth was as follows: SF-MPQ sensory area was $5.06{\pm}4.41$ points; SF-MPQ emotional areas was $0.86{\pm}1.34$ points; VAS mean was $3.79{\pm}2.02$ points; and ODI mean was $10.27{\pm}6.69$. 2. Early postpartum low back pain and pelvic girdle pain were significantly decreased in SF-MPQ, VAS, and ODI after 2-weeks(p < 0.01). 3. Age, birth type, parity, weight, and BMI increased during pregnancy does not affect the postpartum low back pain and pelvic girdle pain. Conclusions: The top 10% of postpartum low back pain scale was 10.8 points or more in the sensory area of SF-MPQ, and 3 points or more in the affective area of SF-MPQ. In the case of VAS, it was more than 7 points, and ODI was more than 21.8 points. Postpartum back pain with oriental medical treatment was significantly improved.

• Journal of health informatics and statistics
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.255-266
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• 2018

Objectives: This study compared the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight between native-born and foreign-born women. Methods: By Using the birth registration data, every woman who gave birth between 2010 and 2016 in Korea was included in the analysis. Duration from marriage to pregnancy was measured by month and multiple socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were controlled. Preterm birth (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2.5 kg) were used for outcome variables. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for data analysis with Stata. Results: The risks of preterm birth and low birth weight for native-born and foreign-born women differed according to the duration of marriage or birth order. For the first infant, foreign-born women were more likely to have pereterm birth or low birth weight than the native-born in the early stage of marriage but nativeborn women had higher risks than the foreign-born in the middle and later stage of marriage. For the second infant, foreign-born women were less likely to have pereterm birth or low birth weight than the native-born regardless of the duration of marriage. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrates that the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight for foreign-born women is concentrated on the early stage of marriage. Institutional and cultural supports should be given to foreign-born women to help their early settlement in the Korean society.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Oxygen consumption is a useful parameter for evaluating mammalian embryo quality, since individual bovine embryos was noninvasively quantified by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we measured to investigate the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of pluripotent gene and anti-oxidant enzyme was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a SECM and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts ($10.2{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$ versus $6.4{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7 and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0 and over $12.0{\sim}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, respectively. Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0 and over $12.0{\times}10^{15}/mols^{-1}$, respectively. GPX1 and SOD1 were significantly increased in over -10.0 group than below 10.0 groups but in catalase gene, there was no significant difference. On the other hand, In OCT-4 and Sox2, pluripotent gene, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the below-10.0 ($0.98{\pm}0.1$) and over 10.0 ($1.79{\pm}0.2$). In conclusion, these results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

착상기 이전 자궁에서 특이적 자궁내막 준비가 진행되어야 하는데, 이는 자궁 내막의 점진적 분화로 배아의 착상과 성공적 임신에 절대적으로 필요하다. 배아 발생 동안에 관찰되는 조직의 재구성은 세포외 기질을 포함한 다양한 요인에 의해 조절된다. 임신 동안에 관찰되는 극적인 변화로는 배아의 이동, 탈락막 반응, 태반의 분화를 그 예로 들 수 있다. 배아와 자궁간의 성공적 착상을 위한 변화들은 배아와 자궁의 착상을 위한 능력 갖출 수 있도록 한다. 이러한 변화과정 중에, 콜라겐이 주성분인 세포외 기질의 극적인 변화가 진행된다. 이러한 변화는 매우 복잡하여 그 기작을 밝히는 것은 쉽지 않으나, 최근 들어 PCR-select cDNA subtraction 방법, microarry 방법 등 대단위 유전자 동정 방법들을 이용하여 많은 후보 유전자가 동정되었다. 스테로이드 호르몬은 임신과 임신 유지에 중요한 역할을 수행하며, 세포외 기질의 재구성을 엄격하게 성스테로이드 호르몬에 의한 유전자 네트워크를 통하여 조절한다. 자궁의 세포외 기질의 병리적 조절이 당뇨병 등에서 보고되고 있다. 세포외 기질의 재구성은 착상과 태아와 자궁의 발달을 이해하는 데 중요하고, 또한 생식과 관련된 질병을 극복하는 데 중요하다. 비록 세포외 기질의 구성성분이 매우 다양하고 복잡하여 논의할 것이 무척 많으나, 본 종설에서는 착상기를 전후한 시기에 콜라겐의 변화를 중심으로 논하였다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2018

생체 조직 내에서 표지인자의 발견은 해당 세포의 특성과 기능을 이해하는 데 매우 중요하다. 이전의 연구에서 본 연구진은 돼지정원줄기세포에서 특이적으로 IGFBP 3가 발현되어 표지인자로의 가능성을 보고한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 IGFBP 3이외의 다른 family member가 정원줄기세포에서 특이적으로 발현하는 지와, 이의 발현을 조절하는 PAPP-A의 조직학적인 측면에서의 발현 양상을 5일령 돼지 정소에서 확인하였다. 그 결과 IGFBP 1, 2, 3, 4, 6의 발현은 정소 전체에서 발현되는 수준보다 돼지 정원줄기세포에서 더 높은 수준에서 발현하고 있음을 확인하였다. PAPP-A는 sertoli cell에서 특이적으로 발현하며, 정원줄기세포에서는 발현하지 않는 것을 PGP9.5와의 동시-조직염색으로 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 Sertoli cell에서 발현하는 PAPP-A 단백질은 미성숙 돼지 정소에서 IGFBP family를 통해 정소 세포의 발달과 분화를 조절할 것으로 판단된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.410-419
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• 1996

This study was reviewed from 1000 articles related to family planning from 1970 to 1990 and 20 articles associated with natural family planning from 1980 until the present. The purpose of natural family planning(NFP) is to identify the time ovulation of women themselves, to have intercourse with periodic abstinence, and to deliver a healthy child. The ultimate goal of NFP is to promote the family's health. The NFP method is described as periodic abstinence of intercourse to avoid pregnancy by identifying the ovulation time in the menstration cycle. Clinical symptoms and signs of reflection underlying changes in Estrogen and Progesterone are the change of basal body temperature, the change of cervical mucus and cervix, abdominal pain and breast tenderness. The types of NFP are the calender rthythm method, basal body temperature methods, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, cyclo-thermal method and home based ovulation test kits. Recently the cyclo-thermal method involved. It is calendar rhythm method applied to B.B.T. For the cervical mucus method, when the estrogen level in the blood concentration is increased, the mucus begins to excrete, the amount of moist mucus increases while the mucus is clear, slippery, and smooth. For 3 days, this timing can be considered contraception. Fertility is at a maximum on the day mucus appears, abstinence for 3 days is a type of contraception. Sexual intercourse on a maximum day of mucus maximizes pregnancy potential. But, the contraception depends on the practice of a perfect rule. For basal body temperature methods, at ovulation time, the temperature increases $0.2^{\circ}C-0.5^{\circ}C$. Through the review of literature a high temperature above $0.2^{\circ}C$ for 3 days indicates that the previous 6 day period was ovulation and fertilization. The Symptothermal method is used to determine the prediction of ovulation through the observation of mucus excretion, high temperature, the change of cervical mucus, low abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and breast change. Home based ovulation test kits are cervico-vaginal fluid aspiration, test a digital electric thermometer, body fluid(blood, saliva, urine) test kits, They are on the market. However, research on the contraception method is still in progress. For pregnancy it is still too early to use home based ovulation test kits because of deficit of reliability and simplicity more research on the technology is needed. It is suggested that NFP methods be included in nursing curriculum in order to educate NFP users how to effectively use NFP methods. Furthermore, this study has implications for the dissemination of NFP methods in terms of Korean policies of family planning and the support of community welfare agences.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2001

This study was carried out to find if the X-irradiation being used for clinical diagnosis during pregnancy would affect fetal development and cause fetal malformation in rats or not. To determine the dose and irradiation frequency of X-irradiation and gestation period by which fetal development would be affected when irradiated during pregnancy, seventy-two Sprague Dawley female rats (8 weeks old) were used for the experiment and grouped into three according to different gestation period of 5-8 days, and 6-12 days of gestation. Experimental rats were irradiated on the daily irradiation conditions of 40, 60, 80 kvp(kilo volt peak), 150 mA(milliampere), 0.25 sec and 4 times/day for both 5-8 days and 10-13 days of gestation, and 100 kvp, 100 mA, 2 min. and 4 times/day for 6-12 days of gestation. Rats were put in a small dark box when irradiated, which animals were sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and mean litter size, fetal body weight, fetal crown-rump length(CRL) were investigated along with pathological findings. 1. Litter size were significantly decreased in the rats which were irradiated by both 60 and 80 kvp during 5 to 8 days of gestation and by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation compared to those from the control rats(p<0.05) 2. Fetal body weight was significantly decreased in the fetus from the rats which were irradiated by both 60-80 kvp during 5-8 days of gestation and by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation compared to those from the control rats(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference of fetal crown-rump length between all the experimental rats and the controls. 4. Fetal absorption, fetal death, and fetal malformation were not observed in the fetus form the rats irradiated by 40-80 kvp during 5-8 and 10-13 days of gestation, however, the pathological findings were found in those from the rats irradiated by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation. 5. The harmful effect of x-irradiation on fetal development was estimated to occur when irradiated during 5-8 days of gestation. These results indicated that even X-irradiation for clinical diagnosis could affect fetal development in the early embryonic stage and when the fetus were exposed to frequent and prolonged x-irradiation with over dose.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2000

Pregnancy is a task of creation in which a women mobilizes her self and the resources available to her in the generation of a new person. Through the pregnancy, a mother has formed the new human relationship with a fetus. Maternal-fetal relationship is considered one of mechanism making the relationship of mother and child. It is important to well-being of mother and fetus, too. The earliest interaction between a mother and her child is during prenatal period. Maternal-fetal dyad is unique and perceived interactions with the fetus make the pregnancy real for the mother. Maternal behavior is "instinctive" and is formed in early childhood by copy of the mother. But, Rubin argues that this behavior is an open intellectual system rather than a prepackaged bundle of traits. There is openness to new learning and a high value placed on knowing which occurs with silent organization in thought. Thus, nurses and other health professionals provide prenatal care that optimally is part of the environment in which the maternal-fetal dyad develops. Thus it is appropriate for nurses to increases their understanding of the dyad and to explore ways to enhance its development. This study focusses on the interaction ability and response of fetus, and the maternal-fetal interaction. The research of fetal responses that involve physiological changes and motor movement have been shown to coccur to both external sensory stimuli and to maternal emotional states. The fetus does also have sensory capacity to be aware of some maternal behaviors, and the motor ability to respond in a way the mother can notice. Thus, very rudimentary interactions appear to be possible. Maternal awareness of fetal activity was supported by several studies. More interesting to the present study are description of maternal-fetal interaction and the finding that there appear to be levels of sensitivity to the fetus involved in maternal-fetal interactions. First, recognition comes that the fetus is separate from the maternal self. Next, the fetus engages in. Lastly, the parent may describe active interaction with the fetus, believing that mother and fetus are communicating on a meaningful level. Several interventions, developed to promote more active interaction between mother and fetus, have been reviewed. In general, the parents were taught to stimulate the fetus and to notice the fetus' responses. This type of intervention might increase the mother's sensitivity to her unborn baby, and she may have a head start toward learning how to res pond sensitivity to the newborn infant. Research In the area of maternal-fetal interaction is scarce. Sensitive behavior is construed as an appropriate and timely response to a signal of need from another person, but no such signal of need can be claimed regarding the fetus. The highest level of maternal-fetal interaction, therefore, might be based more on maternal representations of the imagined fetus than on factual evidence of fetal participation.