• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.411-420
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• 1997

QUAL2E-AFOSM model is developed to forecast the water quality by reliability analysis in the Nakdong River. A varied-flow analysis is performed for the reach of Waegwan to Mulgeum to estimate hydraulic parameters. An optimization technique by BFGS method is applied to determine the optimum reaction parameters and calibrations and verifications are performed based on these parameters. A reliability analysis for the stochastic analysis in a river is studied using the AFOSM method. The variations of water quality and discharge in the headwater, tributaries, and reaction coefficients are considered. Risks of violating existing water quality standards at several loactions in the Nakdong River are computed by using the QUAL2E-AFOSM method. The computed results computed by QUAL2E-AFOSM model agree with those of the Monte-Carlo method in QUAL2EU model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.464-486
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• 2008

Purpose. Electronic intermediaries (e-intermediaries) are gaining significance in international marketing with the rapid development of e-commerce. The goal of this study is to explain empirically what leads to a higher use of this relatively new exportation alternative. Relying on a resource-based view as our research foundation, we focus on information technology (IT) and non-IT factors as possible determinants. Further, this study brings arguments offered by transaction cost theorists to explain the other non-IT determinants. Methodology/Approach. Data are collected from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the electronic industry in Korea and the U.S to ensure generalizability. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression is utilized to analyze the data. Findings. This study raises new issues regarding a relatively new type of exporting channel, e-intermediary. Exporting is regarded as the most appropriate strategy for SMEs in international commerce. A number of SMEs stay away from exporting due to limited resources or lack of knowledge regarding foreign markets. The findings in this study should help SMEs use e-intermediaries more widely by developing appropriate IT-related resources (IT-related human and relationship assets) and dealing with non-IT factors (international competence, environmental uncertainty, and duration of relationship) effectively. Originality/Value/Contribution. This study illustrates the significant role of e-intermediaries, which may help SMEs to penetrate the global market effectively. Finding relevant sources in the global e-marketplace is a challenge for non-experienced users like SMEs. This study proposes e-intermediaries as an effective alternative for them. Another contribution of this study is to show how the use of indirect exporting channels, e-intermediaries, decrease costs in exporting transactions. This study suggests an e-intermediary as a hybrid exporting channel to balance risk and profit.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.680-686
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• 2014

Acanthopanacis Cortex has been used for oriental medicinal purposes in Asian countries especially in Korea and China. In the Korean Pharmacopeia, the cortexes of the dried roots, stems and branches of all species in Eleutherococcus and Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus are known as 'Ogapi'. Mostly the cortexes of E. gracilistylus roots and E.senticosus roots were used as 'Ogapi' in China and Japan, respectively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine and compare the molecular authentication of Korean 'Ogapi' by using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The ITS region has the highest possibility of effective and successful identification for the widest variety of molecular authentication. The ITS region was targeted for molecular analysis with Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific for morphologically similar to E. gracilistylus, E. senticosus, E. sessiliflorus from their adulterant, moreover, E. sieboldianus were detected within sequence data. Thus, based on these SNP sites, specific primers were designed and multiplex PCR analysis were conducted for molecular authentication of four plants (E. gracilistylus, E. senticosus, E. sessiliflorus, and E. sieboldianus). The findings of results indicated that ITS region might be established multiplex-PCR analysis systems and hence were proved to be an effective tools for molecular evaluation and comparison of 'Ogapi' with other plants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.647-653
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting Malaysian women. Recent statistics revealed that the cumulative probability of breast cancer and related deaths in Malaysia is higher than in most of the countries of Southeast Asia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP2E1 (rs6413432 and rs3813867), STK15 (rs2273535 and rs1047972) and XRCC1 (rs1799782 and rs25487) have been associated with breast cancer risk in a meta-analysis but any link in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, remained to be determined. Hence, we investigated the relationship between these SNPs and breast cancer risk among Malaysian women in the present case-control study. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of 71 breast cancer patients and 260 healthy controls and subjected to polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Results: Our study showed that the c1/c2 genotype or subjects with at least one c2 allele in CYP2E1 rs3813867 SNP had significantly increased almost 1.8-fold higher breast cancer risk in Malaysian women overall. In addition, the variant Phe allele in STK15 rs2273535 SNP appeared to protect against breast cancer in Malaysian Chinese. No significance association was found between XRCC1 SNPs and breast cancer risk in the population. Conclusions: This study provides additional knowledge on CYP2E1, STK15 and XRCC1 SNP impact of risk of breast cancer, particularly in the Malaysian population. From our findings, we also recommend Malaysian women to perform breast cancer screening before 50 years of age.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2008

A lactic acid bacterium showing growth inhibitory activity against Enterobacter sakazakii was isolated from bovine intestinal tracts. From biochemical and molecular biological studies, the isolate was identified and named as Enterococcus faecium JH95. This strain was resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. E. faecium JH95 had high antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfrigens. The culture supernatant of this strain did not have antimicrobial activity. The culture broth of this strain failed to show the antimicrobial activity by heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 min or by pretense treatments for 2 hr. This result suggested that the putative antimicrobial substance produced by E. faecium JH95 is likely a protein which is not secreted into culture medium.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2017

The fermentation of Panax ginseng can yield many compounds from ginsenosides that have a wide variety of biological functions. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are capable of converting ginsenosides. The purposes of this study were to: (1) characterize Enterococcus faecium SA5, an isolated LAB from Mongolian mare milk, (2) identify the existence of extracellular ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity in the milk, and (3) ascertain if the ${\beta}$-glucosidase has the capacity of converting ginsenoside in Korean ginseng. The results revealed that E. faecium SA5 was acid-resistant, bile salt-resistant, and has antibiotic activities against 4 pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 3216, Listeria monocytogenes KCTC 3710, Bacillus cereus KCTC 1012, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1621). In addition, E. faecium SA5 had tolerance against some antibiotics such as colistin, gentamycin and neomycin. It was also found that E. faecium SA5 possessed bile salt hydrolase activity, which could lower blood cholesterol level. When incubated in 10% (w/v) skim milk as a yogurt starter, E. faecium SA5 caused to decrease pH of the medium as well as increase in viable cell counts. Using TLC and HPLC analysis on the samples incubated in MRS broth, our study confirmed that E. faecium SA5 can produce ${\beta}$-glucosidase, which was capable of converting ginsenoside $Rb_1$ into new ginsenosides $Rg_3-s$ and $Rg_3-r$. It was concluded that E. faecium SA5 possessed a potential of probiotic activity, which could be applied to yogurt manufacture as well as ginsenoside conversion in ginseng.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.4 s.153
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• pp.271-280
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• 2005

The goal of this study is to recommend a new type of stage-discharge rating curve ($Q=p(h-e)^{\beta}-{\gamma}$) useful for satisfying divergence, and one other seemingly irresolvable problem related to exited rating curves, while also extending this rating curve model. The problem of divergence is that during the finding of the CZF (cease-to-zero flow) parameter e and while minimizing the sum of total errors of the estimated curve, the exponential parameter ${\beta}$ become an abnormally large value. The insoluble problem is that when the value e is greater then the recorded minimum at the gauged stage, it is impossible to have a negative logarithm value (h-e). The two problems above can be satisfied by adapting the control value ${\gamma}$, which affects the reduction of ${\gamma}$ and gives us the possibility of controlling (h-e) over zero. The study results show that the effects of parameter ${\gamma}$ are very similar to that of e when conducting physical and sensitivity analyses. This system can be used towards developing a new stage-discharge rating curve for river discharge, for use in evaluating the acceptability of existing stage-discharge rating curves generated by using hydrologic analyses at all stations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.96-108
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• 2011

Going abreast of high public concerns on the environment, the need of environmental modeling has been increased to assess the impact of space exploitation of environment. GIS offers potential solutions to the many problems encountered during water-quality modeling. But there are also many problems associated with the modeling. The preparation of necessary parameters for the modeling can be complicated. Also, the results from one model can be different from each other even the same area is analyzed. This paper aims to develop the data processing system to couple the Qual2E and HyGIS in which Qual2E input and output data files can be created, modified and processed using HyGIS and assess the performance of the system. A structural analysis and standardization of modeling are conducted to identify data flow and processing of Qual2E. Algorithms of the defined processors are designed and developed as component modules. The data model of HyGIS-Qual2E is designed, and GUI(Graphical User Interface) is developed using Visual Basic 6.0 and GDK.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.2011-2015
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 시공간을 고려하여 경안천유역의 최적 수질 측정망을 구성하였다. 분석을 위해서 필요한 수 질 데이터는 QUAL2E 모형을 이용하여 모의하였으며, 매개변수의 추정을 위하여 HEC-RAS모형과 민감도 분석 기법인 1차 신뢰성 분석(FORA)를 사용하였다. QUAL2E 모형의 모의 결과를 바탕으로 크리깅 기법과 Branch and Boundary Method를 이용하여 평수량 일때와 갈수량 일때로 구분하여 관측지점의 개수와 위치를 제시하였다. 선정된 지점을 기준으로 비례표본추출법(proportional sampling method)을 이용하여 각각의 지점별 측정 빈도를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1739-1744
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• 2019

The present study evaluates the immunomodulatory effect of Bifidobacterium longum KACC 91563 in murine primary splenocytes and macrophages. B. longum KACC 91563 regulated T- and B-cell proliferation and inhibited the Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ)/Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokine imbalance and immune cytokine production. Moreover, immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were significantly lower after treatment with B. longum KACC 91563. These findings suggest that B. longum KACC 91563 could modulate the systemic immune system toward both IgE production and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance.