• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.254-260
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• 2013

Greenhouse and field experiments with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) stratified seed sown at depths of 10 to 100 mm were carried out to determine effects of seeding depth on seedling emergence, growth and development and to calculate optimum seeding depth. The time to 50% seedling emergence ($E_{50}$) in the field increased linearly from 17 d at 20 mm seeding depth to 42.5 d at 80 mm. Seedling emergence and root weight (economic yield) at the end of the first year each increased quadratically with the increase of seeding depth. Maximum emergence and root yields were produced at sowing depths of 26.9 and 30.6 mm respectively. In a greenhouse pot experiment, increasing seeding depth from 10 to 100 mm increased partitioning of dry matter to leaves from 23.6% to 26.1%, to stems from 6.9% to 14.2%, and decreased dry matter to roots from 69.5% to 59.7%. Optimum seeding depth was 31.1 mm for a corresponding maximum root weight of 119.9 mg. A predictor equation [X (seeding depth, mm)=Y (seed weight, mg)/9.1+20.96] for seeding depth for ginseng, based on data for ten vegetable crops, their seed weights and suggested seeding depths, predicted a seeding depth of 28.3 mm for ginseng similar to that reported above for most pot and field experiments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.516-521
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• 2004

The straw of thirty one rice varieties were evaluated for their feed value and related agronomic traits. The rice straw were hand-harvested, dried to constant weight at $75^{\circ}C$ and ground through a 20 mesh seive in a Wiley mill, analyzed with crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Relative feed value (RFV) was calculated from NDF and ADF. The sum of standardized score was estimated by dry weight of rice straw, content of CP, ADF and NDF. The straw yield of Daeanbyeo was 725.9 kg/10a, showed heighest value among the varieties and remainder was in the order of Keumnambyeo, Donginbyeo #1 and Chucheongbyeo. Crude protein (CP) content in a Dasanbyeo was higher than those in other varieties. The content of ADF in a Junghwabyeo and NDF in a Sobaegbyeo were $34.3\%$ and $63.8\%$, respectively, showed lowest value among the varieties. The rice straw of Dunnaebyeo, Obongbyeo, Seoanbyeo, Keumobyeo, Hwaseongbyeo, Noganbyeo and Gyehwabyeo belonged to the high feed value varieties by estimation of cluster analysis, sum of standardized score and RFV. The content of CP was found to be positively related with dry weight of leaf and grain, but negatively related with heading days after seeding, culm length, specific leaf weight (SLW) and dry weight of stem. ADF and NDF were found to be positively related with heading days after seeding, culm length, SLW and dry weight of leaf, but negatively related with dry weight of stem. The sum of standardized score and RFV were the only positive relationship with dry weight of stem and negative relationship with other traits.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 1992

Self-and reciprocal-graftings were made between soybean varieties(cv.Hwangkeumkong, Paldalkong, Bokwangkong and Jangkyongkong) to assertain the relative role of shoot and root in soybean growth and yield determination. The influence of grafting per se on plant height and leaf number on main stem were negligible as evidenced by the insignificant differences between self-and reciprocal-graftings. The effect of grafting on flowering was different between different set of varieties grafted reciprocally. Self grafting delayed flowering 2 days and reciprocal grafting delayed another 2 days, in general. The effects of grafting on dry weights of different plant parts except pod were also insignificant. Reciprocal grafting increased pod dry weight in Hwangkeumkong and Paldalkong regardless whether they were used as scion or stock. Reciporcal grafting also influenced dry weights of Bokwangkong and Jangkyongkong significantly, but the response was different from those of Hwangkeumkong or Paldalkong. Jangkyongkong, when used as stock, decreased total dry weight of Bokwangkong significantly through the reduction of pod and stem dry weights. Stem diameter was increased by grafting, however, grafting decreased number of branches in all varieties. The average yields of self-and reciprocal-grafting were decreased by 11% and 24%, respectively, comparing to that of non-grafting, while average yield of reciprocal grafting was 14% lower than that of self grafting. Stem weight of grafted soybeans was decreased by 29-32% comparing to that of non-grafted soybeans, but the difference between self and reciprocal graftings was negligible. The genetic characteristics of scion was found to be more important than those of stock in determination of yield and stem weight. It was also indicated that varieties and characteristics are different in response to grafting.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.380-386
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• 2001

Dry matter(DM) accumulation in different plant parts of two Vigna spp., blackgram(Vigna mungo) and mungbean(Vigna radiata), was compared at different levels of salinity. Two vaarieties of each of blackgram (Barimash-1 and Barimash-2) and mungbean(Barimung-3 and Barimung-4) were grown with 50, 75 and 100mM NaCl solutions and tap water as a control till maturity. The DM accumulation in all plant parts of the two crops devreased with the increasing salinity levels. The reducation was severe in mungbean compared to blackgram. On an average mungbean produced only 3% grain yield compared to 37% in blackgram at 100mM NaCl. The salinity induced growth reduction was relatively less in Barimash-2 than that in Barimash-1. In mungbean, the relative DM production of Barimung-3 was greater than Barimung-4. The extent of biomass reducation due to salinity in different plant parts was not similar. At maturity the rank of biomass accumulation (at 100 mM NaCl) in different plant parts of blackgram was in decreasing order by seeds pod$^{-1}$ (97%), branch plant$^{-1}$ (88%), 1000-grain weight (79%), plant height(72%), pods plant$^{-1}$ (50%), leaf weight and root mass(both 49%) and stem weight (48%). In mungbean, the rank was in decreasing order by 1000-grain weight (57%), leaf weight (54%), plant height (52%), seeds pod$^{-1}$ (50%), branch plant$^{-1}$ (41%), root weight (34%), stem weight (24%) and pods plant$^{-1}$ (6%). Therefore, salinity reduced grain yield more than straw and roots of the Vignaq spp., and blackgram is relatively more salt-tolerant than mungbean.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.674-683
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• 2017

The frequency and intensity of soil moisture stress associated with climate change has increasing, and the stability of field crop cultivation has decreasing. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil moisture management method on growth and yield of corn. Soil moisture was managed at the grade of WSM (wet soil moisture, 34.0~42.9%), OSM (optimum soil moisture, 27.8~34.0%), DSM (dry soil moisture, 20.3~27.8%), and ESM (extreme dry moisture, 16.6~20.3%) during V8 (8th leaf stage)-VT (tasseling stage). After VT, irrigation was limited. The treated amount of irrigation was 54.1, 47.7, 44.0 and 34.5% of total water requirement, respectively. The potential evapotranspiration during the growing period was $3.29mm\;day^{-1}$, and upward movement of soil water was estimated by the AFKAE 0.5 model in the order of ESM, DSM, OSM, and WSM. We could confirm this phenomenon from actual observations. There was no significant difference in leaf characteristics, dry matter, and primary productivity depending on the level of soil moisture, but leaf development was delayed and dry weight decreased in DSM. However, dry weight and individual productivity of DSM increased after irrigation withdrawal compared to that of OSM. In DSM, ear yield and number of kernels per ear decreased, but water use efficiency and harvest index were higher than other treatments. Therefore, it is considered that the soil moisture is concentratedly managed before the V8 period, the V8-VT period is controlled within the range of 100 to 500 kPa (20.3~27.8%), and no additional irrigation is required after the VT.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2000

Excessive soil water in paddy field induces growth losses during the vegetative stages of soybean plants. Our objectives were to know growth responses of soybean as affected by the level of ridge heights. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Korea University near Seoul in 1996. Ten cultivars of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were planted at the ridge heights of 10, 30, and 50cm in paddy soil on 27 June. Total dry matter accumulation at the 10cm ridge height was severely decreased until the growth stage of R5 as compared to the ridge heights of 30 and 50cm, and this decrement was mainly due to both reduced leaf and stem dry weights. However, seed dry weight was not significantly decreased at the lower ridge height with the increment of harvest index. Cultivar differences were found on seed dry weight, crop growth rate from R1 to R5, and leaf/stem ratio of R5. From the above results, soybean growth responses to excessive soil water in paddy field were different between seed filling stage and late vegetative to early reproductive growth stages.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.603-606
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of T-P concentrations in irrigation water on the growth, yield, and grain quality of rice. It acquire fundamental knowledges to set up irrigation water quality standards. The pot experiment was conducted with 5 treatments using irrigation waters. It consisted of various total phosphorus concentrations(control, 1, 2, 5, 10mg/L) and replicated four times with randomized block design. The results of this study showed that as T-P concentrations in irrigation water increases, plant height tended to increase. Dry weight of rice plant at T-P 10mg/L was significantly higher than the control. However, T-P in irrigation water did not affect plant height, tiller number, plant dry weight, yield, and quality of rice.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1994

This experiment was carried our in order to study effect of alum sludge compost of water treat-ment plant on the growth of Korean lawngrass (zoysia japonica Steud.) and on the change of soil chemical properties. Alum sludge compost was made out of chicken feces, sawdust and alum sludge. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Alum sludge compost was appropriate for organic fertilizer of turfgrass management in golf course. 2.Application of alum sludge compost improved the chemical properties of soil such as pH, available phosphorous and exchangeable calcium. Also the growth of Korean lawngrass grown by the mixed application of alum and compost was more effective than that in single application of compost. 3.Chlorophyll content of Korean lawngrass had no differences in several treatments. 4. Alum promoted the uptake of potassium, calcium and the yield of dry weight hut the yield of dry weight was not affected by chemical fertilizer. 5.Alumimum toxicity was decreased by the mixed application of alum and compost but increased by single application of alum.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.723-730
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• 1995

Effects of leaf and pod removal on changes in dry weight and protein content of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar 'Hwangkeumkong' were measured at the research farm of Korea University in 1992. The upper 40% and lower 60% of leaves and pods were subjected to treatments at the growth stage of beginning pod(R3). Leaf dry weight of lower part was increased by upper leaf-lower pod removal, but seed dry weight of upper part was decreased. The upper leaf-lower pod removal also increased stem dry weight and decreased upper pod dry weight. Protein content was higher in lower leaves than upper leaves. Seed protein contents were decreased both upper leaf-lower pod removal and lower leaf-upper pod removal treatments. The upper leaf-lower pod removal showed the highest leaf and the lowest seed protein quantities among the five treatments. These results indicated that protein sources were moved from lower to upper parts but weak in remobilization from leaves for the long distance translocation during the reproductive growth period of soybean plants.an plants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 1988

A comparison was made the differences of growth and some yield components of two soybean ecotypes (summer and two autumn types) at different planting dates (15 April, 15 May, and 15 June) and also made the different patterns of dry matter accumulation of one summer type and two autumn types of soybeans at Agricultural Experiment Farm, College of Agriculture, Dankook University, Cheonan City, in 1987. [Planting date experiment] Days to emergence of four varieties were observed no difference. and, therefore, it was speculated that field observation of the difference of cold tolerence between varieties was difficult. Shortening rate of flowering clays as planting dates delayed was no different between two ecotypes, summer vs. autumn types of soybean. Summer types, DN82029-3 and ES18085-1, were observed not greater difference of days to maturity between early and late planting dates as compared with that of autumn types, Changyeobkong and Paldalkong. At late planting, summer types were observed more to hasten days to ripening due to high temperature in late growing season than that of autumn types. This caused to decrease somewhat greater rate of some yield componments, and finally yield as planting date delayed. As compared to autumn types, summer types, DN82029-3 and ES18085-1 showed longer stem height and lower airdry weight at late planting. [Dry matter accumulation pattern] Stem elongation after flowering of three varieties, DN82029-3, Changyeobkong and Danyeobkong, ranged 17 to 32 cm and increment of leaf area index 0.83-1.53. DN82029-3 reached 49 days faster in maximum total dry weight than that of autumn types, Changyeobkong and Danyeobkong. However. maximum total dry weight of DN82029-3 showed 50% to autumn types. At 15 May planting, summer type, day-neutrality, transfered faster into reproductive growth phase without enough growth of vegetative growth and also hastened ripening days, and thus lower dry matter accumulation and finally lower yield.