• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.26-31
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• 1978

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nicotine-contaminated mulberry-leaf, which was grown in the vicinity of tobacco drying plant (TDP), on cocoon crop. Mulberry-leaf harvested from the field at Sericultural Experiment Station (SES), Suweon, Korea, was used as control, supposedly nicotine-free leaf. Leaf harvested from the field in the distances of 30-50m, 300-400m and 700-800m from TDP was fed during the whole larval stage of the silkworm at. SES. The effect of leaf in each treatment level on the quantitative characters of the silkworm was summarized as follows; 1. Larval duration from 4th instar on was significantly longer in the TDP-leaf treatments than for the control. 2. Duration of matured silkworm appearance became longer as the distance of the mulberry-field from TDP got shorter, because the larval duration and growth of the silkworm were not uniform in the TDP-leaf treatments. 3. Mortality rates during the late larval, cocoon spinning, and pupal stages were highest for the 30-50m leaf, especially mortality rates during the late larval and pupal stage were serious. 4. Pupation rate was lowest for the 30-50m leaf and those for the 300-400m and the 700-800m leaf were not significantly different from that of the control. 5. Nicotine damage to cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight was significant in each TDP-leaf level. Cocoon shell ratio was reduced at the same extent in each level, compared with the control. 6. The ratio among cocoon-classes was significantly different between treatments, compared with best-cocoon ratio of 87.1% for the control. Cocoons were not uniform for the 30-50m leaf, and those for the 300-400m and the 700-800m leaf were as almost uniform as those for the control. 7. Loss of fresh cocoon yield became greater as the distance of the mulberry-field from the TDP-got shorter. In conclusion, the critical distance of mulberry-field, which influences larval health, cocoon quality and yield, appeared to be 800m from the TDP. Such other factors as wind direction and topographic location may be involved in the critical distance. 8. From the present experiment, we could obtain only the effect of nicotine on the silkworm through digestive system, since the silkworm was raised at SES in Suweon. If the silkworm.. were raised in the vicinity of the TDP, poison effect of nicotine on the silkworm could beo expected through exoskeleton and tracheal system as well as through digestive system.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.2
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• pp.75-94
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• 1996

This survey study was aimed at identifying the degree of educational need of the KNOU(Korea National Open University) nursing students defined as admission purposes, satisfaction of distance learning education, learning methods, and courses after graduation. Among randomly assigned 1000 students, 320 KNOU nursing students who allowed to participate in the study completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test, Results of this study were as follows : 1. The admission purposes of the KNOU nursing students were 'in order to get a bachelor's degree(83.8%)', 'to acquire knowledge for task(61.3%)', or 'to be admitted for the graduate school (53.1%)' etc. Comparing the admission purposes by age, tow items- 'to explore new possibilities for myself' and 'excellent curriculum' showed statistically significant differences. These two items were also found to show significant differences by marital status. 2. For the media maintenance, the results showed that students use their own cassett radios(96.3%), VTR(49.4%), TV only for the study (44.1%), personal computer (3.31%), or joining Hitel (6.3%). 3. Listening rates of the radio lecture were 'over 80%(9.1%)', '50-80%(9.1%)', '20-50%(18.1%)', 'below 20%(30%)' and 'never(33.1%)', And record lecture showed listening rates as follows : 'over80%(17.2%)', '50-80%(15.9%)', '20-50%(24.4%)', 'below 20%(27,2%)' and 'never(14.4%)'. 4. The difficulties with KNOU life were 'listening radio lectures(38.8%)', studying by following teaching schedules (37.8%)', 'isolated self-study(10.3%)', and 'appearance in the attending classes(8.1%)'. 5. As for satisfaction with teaching methods, the data showed that 81.2% of the respondents were satisfied (or very satisfied) with 'attending classes' and 75%, with 'paper lectures'. On the other hand some of respondents were very dissatisfied with 'recorded lecture(12.8%)' and 'radio lecture(10.9%)' 6. The results also showed that the students want to have 'video conferencing lecture(77.2%)', 'cable TV(64.1%)' and 'CD ROM program' to improve learning effects. 7. Concerning learning attitudes, 48.8% of the students reported 'study mainly for examnination', and only 4.1% answered 'study every day with plan'. The learning attitude showed significant differences by marital status and age. The students also evaluated themelves as 'study very hard(5.9%)', 'study hard in general(41.6%)', 'study a little(40.3%)' and 'study little(11.9%)'. 8. The students responded the most effective learning material was the 'textbook (92.2%)'. 9. For the purposes of using the local center, the results showed 'for the attending classes(76.3%)', 'for the use of references(14.7%)', and 'for the study group(66.7%)'. 10. The results revealed that 20.3% of the respondents had ever experienced unregistration or temporary withdrawal, and 53.4% among them did not register more than one time. The most common reason for the unregistration was 'due to family affairs or their job (70.8%)'. 11. 88.1% of the respondents answered 'they will graduate without fail'. 12. Regarding the benefits from the KNOU graduation, respondents indicated 'graduate school admission(38.1%)', 'self-confidence in social life(17.5%)', and understanding social problems (10.9%)'. 13. 64.4% of the students showed that they have intention to enter the graduate school. The item 'changing work place' showed statistically significant differences by marital status and age.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.296-310
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• 1995

Classification of spatial units into meaningful sets is an important procedure in spatial analysis. It is crucial in characterizing and identifying spatial structures. But traditional classification methods such as cluster analysis require an exact database and impose a clear-cut boundary between classes. Scrutiny of realistic classification problems, however, reveals that available infermation may be vague and that the boundary may be ambiguous. The weakness of conventional methods is that they fail to capture the fuzzy data and the transition between classes. Fuzzy subsets theory is useful for solving these problems. This paper aims to come to the understanding of theoretical foundations of fuzzy spatial analysis, and to find the characteristics of fuzzy classification methods. It attempts to do so through the literature review and the case study of urban classification of the Cities and Eups of Kyung-Nam Province. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1. Following Dubois and Prade, fuzzy information has an imprecise and/or uncertain evaluation. In geography, fuzzy informations about spatial organization, geographical space perception and human behavior are frequent. But the researcher limits his work to numerical data processing and he does not consider spatial fringe. Fuzzy spatial analysis makes it possible to include the interface of groups in classification. 2. Fuzzy numerical taxonomic method is settled by Deloche, Tranquis, Ponsard and Leung. Depending on the data and the method employed, groups derived may be mutually exclusive or they may overlap to a certain degree. Classification pattern can be derived for each degree of similarity/distance $\alpha$. By takina the values of $\alpha$ in ascending or descending order, the hierarchical classification is obtained. 3. Kyung-Nam Cities and Eups were classified by fuzzy discrete classification, fuzzy conjoint classification and cluster analysis according to the ratio of number of persons employed in industries. As a result, they were divided into several groups which had homogeneous characteristies. Fuzzy discrete classification and cluste-analysis give clear-cut boundary, but fuzzy conjoint classification delimit the edges and cores of urban classification. 4. The results of different methods are varied. But each method contributes to the revealing the transparence of spatial structure. Through the result of three kinds of classification, Chung-mu city which has special characteristics and the group of Industrial cities composed by Changwon, Ulsan, Masan, Chinhai, Kimhai, Yangsan, Ungsang, Changsungpo and Shinhyun are evident in common. Even though the appraisal of the fuzzy classification methods, this framework appears to be more realistic and flexible in preserving information pertinent to urban classification.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to examine the suitability of genetic evaluation models using the integrated racing records collected from Gwacheon and Busan Gyeongnam racetracks. Results obtained are summarized as follows: In the short-distance races of 1,400 meters and less the records of finishing time at Gwacheon racetrack was superior, whereas, in the races of 1,800 meters and more it was superior in the records from Busan Gyeongnam racetrack. The effects of contemporary groups accounted for 42.7~70.2% of the total variation, and the effects of the individual race considering racing classes was the biggest in all racing distances. Heritabilities and repeatabilities for the finishing time were estimated in the range of 0.153-0.238 and 0.401-0.498, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the breeding values estimated from the integrated records and the breeding values estimated from records of Gwacheon and Busan-Gyeongnam were 0.907 and 0.803, and coefficients of rank correlations were 0.891 and 0.846, respectively. The correlation coefficients between sire's annual earning of the integrated records and Gwacheon and Busan Gyeongnam racetracks records were 0.943 and 0.886, and coefficients of rank correlations were 0.938 and 0.853, respectively. Also, the correlation coefficient of sire's annual earning between Gwacheon and Busan Gyeongnam racetracks was 0.742. The results of this analysis indicate that the genetic evaluation using the integrated racing records are reliable when the racing records from Busan Gyeongnam racetracks are stabilized and more data are accumulated.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.161-182
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• 2019

Quantifying the amount of carbon pools in forest ecosystems enables to understand about various carbon pools in the forest ecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted in the Chilimo dry afromontane forest to estimate the amount of carbon stored. The natural forest was stratified into three forest patches based on species composition, diversity, and structure. A total of 50 permanent sample plots of 20 m × 20 m (400 ㎡ ) each were established, laid out on transects of altitudinal gradients with a distance of 100 m between plots. The plots were measured twice in 2012 and 2017. Tree, deadwood, mineral soil, forest floor, and stump data were collected in the main plots, while shrubs, saplings, herbaceous plants, and seedling data were sampled inside subplots. Soil organic carbon (SOC %) was analyzed following Walkely, while Black's procedure and bulk density were estimated following the procedure of Blake (Methods of soil analysis, 1965). Aboveground biomass was calculated using the equation of Chave et al. (Glob Chang Biol_20:3177-3190, 2014). Data analysis was made using RStudio software. To analyze equality of means, we used ANOVA for multiple comparisons among elevation classes at α = 0.05. The aboveground carbon of the natural forest ranged from 148.30 ± 115.02 for high altitude to 100.14 ± 39.93 for middle altitude, was highest at 151.35 ± 108.98 t C ha^-1 for gentle slope, and was lowest at 88.01 ± 49.72 t C ha^-1 for middle slope. The mean stump carbon density 2.33 ± 1.64 t C ha^-1 was the highest for the middle slope, and 1.68 ± 1.21 t C ha^-1 was the lowest for the steep slope range. The highest 1.44 ± 2.21 t C ha^-1 deadwood carbon density was found under the middle slope range, and the lowest 0.21 ± 0.20 t C ha^-1 was found under the lowest slope range. The SOCD up to 1 m depth was highest at 295.96 ± 80.45 t C ha^-1 under the middle altitudinal gradient; however, it was lowest at 206.40 ± 65.59 t C ha^-1 under the lower altitudinal gradient. The mean ecosystem carbon stock density of the sampled plots in natural forests ranged from 221.89 to 819.44 t C ha^-1. There was a temporal variation in carbon pools along environmental and social factors. The highest carbon pool was contributed by SOC. We recommend forest carbon-related awareness creation for local people, and promotion of the local knowledge can be regarded as a possible option for sustainable forest management.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate a feasibility of a small mountain as a field work site on geological features in Earth sciences classes at all levels. Mt. Geumdang with the height of 305 meters from the sea level is located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju, southern part of Korea. The study reviews the human and natural geography, geological features, geomorphic resources, landscapes, and conveniences of the mountain for a possibility of meaningful field work. The population within the distance of 5 km from the mountain stands at about 620,000 and 170,000 of them are students and teachers. Mt. Geumdang has a warm temperature climate with low rainfall throughout the year, so it seems suitable for a field survey. Road network and public transportation system around the area are well-developed and easily accessible. Mt. Geumdang shows various rock type and geological structures. The basement rock is Gwangju granite, which is plutonic body of the Jurassic period. Also, granophyre (micrographic granite) and various volcanic rocks distributed as bedded tuff, lapilli tuff, and rhyolite of the Cretaceous period. Many andesitic and felsic dykes were intruded into the rock by joint system. In Mt. Geumdang, many geomorphic resources are found such as U shaped mountain, joint, fault, lamination, gnamma, tor, cliff, groove, block stream and block field, regolith, and saprolite. It has a beautiful mountain scenery including the view of whole shape of Mt. Mudeung, panoramic view of the town, Pungam lake, World Cup stadium and sunrise and sunset. Furthermore, the area has ecologic study facilities related to geology, emergency medical and convenience facilities for field works. In conclusion, Mt. Geumdang is highly feasible for geological field studies at all levels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.47-57
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• 2013

This study aims at analyzing transportation equity between geographical areas of Gyonggi Province, by taking both the transportation infrastructure and travel behavior into account. Indicators of transportation infrastructure include the indices of road infrastructure, transit infrastructure and regional characteristics. Travel behavior concerns information from bus card data on a survey day. The hot-spot analysis conducted included spatial cluster analysis and global/local regression analyses. The analysis results identified geographical areas of four different classes of transportation equity, from the area with high level infrastructure surrounded by the areas with high level infrastructure (HH) to the area with low level surrounded by the areas with low level (LL). The area of HH type showed big numbers of passengers, trips and transfers, whereas the area of LL type shows big figures of internal trip frequency, travel time, travel distance, travel speed and transit fare. Global regression analysis showed that number of passengers, number of transfers, number of internal trips and mean travel speed are important to the level of transportation infrastructure. GWR with these four significant variables significantly improved the AICs and ANOVA results, which implies that the infrastructure is likely explained by travel characteristics differently between geographical areas in Gyonggi Province.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

This paper reports an experimental result on optimizing dissimilarity-based classification(DBC) by simultaneously using a dynamic time warping(DTW) and a multiple fusion strategy(MFS). DBC is a way of defining classifiers among classes; they are not based on the feature measurements of individual samples, but rather on a suitable dissimilarity measure among the samples. In DTW, the dissimilarity is measured in two steps: first, we adjust the object samples by finding the best warping path with a correlation coefficient-based DTW technique. We then compute the dissimilarity distance between the adjusted objects with conventional measures. In MFS, fusion strategies are repeatedly used in generating dissimilarity matrices as well as in designing classifiers: we first combine the dissimilarity matrices obtained with the DTW technique to a new matrix. After training some base classifiers in the new matrix, we again combine the results of the base classifiers. Our experimental results for well-known benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed mechanism achieves further improved results in terms of classification accuracy compared with the previous approaches. From this consideration, the method could also be applied to other high-dimensional tasks, such as multimedia information retrieval.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

In the medical field, numerical imbalance of data due to differences in disease prevalence is a common problem. It reduces the performance of a artificial intelligence network, leading to difficulties in learning a network with good performance. Recently, generative adversarial network (GAN) technology has been introduced as a way to address this problem, and its ability has been demonstrated by successful applications in various fields. However, it is still difficult to achieve good results in solving problems with performance degraded by numerical imbalances because the image resolution of the previous studies is not yet good enough and the structure in the image is modeled locally. In this paper, we propose a multi-scale conditional generative adversarial network based on attention mechanism, which can produce high resolution images to solve the numerical imbalance problem of chest X-ray image data. The network was able to produce images for various diseases by controlling condition variables with only one network. It's efficient and effective in that the network don't need to be learned independently for all disease classes and solves the problem of long distance dependency in image generation with self-attention mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.508-528
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to analyze the classification of the hierarchy in terms of centrality and the demarcation of shopping areas in the context of goods-purchasing activity in the Kyeong-ju si area (The old Kyeong-ju city and Wol-song Kyn). The basic data for this study include mail questionnaire materials and sources by the on-the-sport survey. The main results of this study are as follows. (1) When forty-two centers within the wide Kyeong-ju area are classified into hierarchies in terms of the functional index and the number of central functions, it is confirmed that there are five hierarchies or classes. Hierachy A is the City of Kyeong-ju. Hierarchy B is the Up of An-gang. Hierarchy Cis made up of three Up of Kam-p'o, Oe-dong and Kon-ch' on. Hierachy D consist of seven Myons and two Ris. Hierarchy E is composed of one Myon and twenty-seven Ris. (2) Hierarchy A has five proper functions of the center. Hierarchy B holds eleven of them. Hierarchy C takes forty-one. Hierarchy D cherish twenty-seven. And hierarchy E has three. Therefor Hierachies C and D have the most functions of all. The threshold populations of the lowest central function is fifty-eight of miscellaneous stores in the central place of Hierarchy E (3) The purchase distance of the central functions of a center becomes farther in the order of barbers' and beauty salons, dental clinics, TV and refrigerator shops, and furniture stores. (4) When the shopping areas are classified according to goods purchase activity, they can be divided into four: the Myon, small Up, big Up, and City areas. Each shopping area can be classified into two categories: the independent areas and compoung areas. The Kyeong-ju city area is the largest city shopping areas of Po-hang and Ull-san are very small.