• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

Research on subjective well-being (SWB) has flourished in recent years. As SWB determines cognitive and motivational processes, including social comparison and cognitive dissonance, it determines how consumers make decisions, including the comparison and evaluation of alternatives. Considering that the comparison and evaluation of alternatives is related to social comparison and cognitive dissonance, the influence of SWB on the comparison and evaluation of alternatives needs to be investigated. This research aims to examine the effect of SWB on the comparison and evaluation of alternatives, especially when people acquire additional information about their chosen or non-chosen alternatives, leading to a change of absolute/relative value of alternatives. The reasonable price of an alternative as evaluated by individuals is used as a measure reflecting the perceived value of an alternative. Putting all of this together, the current study intended to investigate the influence of absolute and relative value on the reasonable price of an alternative depending on SWB. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experiment groups (deterioration of non-chosen alternative vs. improvement of non-chosen alternative). After reading consumer report ratings of alternatives shown on monitor screens, participants chose one of the alternatives, followed by the change of the consumer report ratings (deterioration of non-chosen alternative vs. improvement of non-chosen alternative). Participants evaluated the reasonable price of their chosen alternative based on the provided price of the non-chosen alternative. Two weeks after the experiment, they were asked to answer survey questionnaire on SWB measures. A regression was performed on the reasonable price with experiment groups, mean-centered SWB, and their interaction. There was a significant simple effect of groups and SWB. More importantly, these effects were qualified by the predicted interaction of groups and SWB. To interpret this interaction further, simple slope tests were performed on the price when SWB was centered at one standard deviation above (i.e., happy people) and below (i.e., unhappy people) the mean. As predicted, happy people rated the reasonable price of the chosen alternative higher in the improvement of non-chosen alternative group than in the deterioration of non-chosen alternative group. Conversely, unhappy people showed no price difference between groups. These results show that happy people pay attention to the absolute value of the alternative, whereas unhappy people give more weight to the relative value as well as to the absolute value of a chosen alternative, indicating that unhappy people are more sensitive to the negative information of a non-chosen alternative compared to happy people. The present research expanded the existing research stream on SWB by showing the influence of SWB on the consumers' evaluation of alternatives. Furthermore, this study adds to previous research on SWB and social comparison by suggesting that unhappy people tend to be more sensitive to negative social comparison information of alternatives even when a target of social comparison is not explicitly present. Moreover, these results yield some managerial implications on how to provide product information based on SWB in order to make products more attractive among the alternatives available to consumers.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.347-354
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• 2013

This study has attempted to figure out differences between emotional labor and psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables against hairdressing industry workers. For this, a total of 191 hairdressers in Busan were examined using emotional labor scale and psychosocial stress scale. The survey was conducted from July 1 to 30, 2011 using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe's test. Then, the following results were obtained: First, according to analysis on difference in emotional labor by occupation-related variables, difference was found by monthly income in 'control of emotion' category. In terms of 'emotional dissonance,' difference was observed by job title and monthly income. In 'positive expression of emotions,' difference was detected by monthly income and number of off-days per month. Second, according to analysis on difference in psychosocial stress by occupation-related variables, differences were found by age, job title, education, work experience, monthly income, working hours and number of off-days per month. According to the analysis above, monthly income is related with both emotional labor and psychosocial stress among occupation-related variables.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-191
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• 2013

A long debate has been made about whether job satisfaction facilitates or impedes union participation. This study analyzed the moderating effect of union instrumentality in the relationship between job satisfaction and union participation. The data collected from 826 employees of 22 workplaces were empirically evaluated. The result of the research revealed that both positive effect and negative effect were observed in the relationship between job satisfaction and union participation. The positive effect was noticed in the direct influence of job satisfaction on the union participation. However, given the interaction between job satisfaction and union instrumentality, the job satisfaction showed the negative effect on the union participation. Based on this result, we can conclude that the direct influence of job satisfaction on the union participation supports dissonance theory about the union participation and the interaction effect between job satisfaction and union instrumentality confirms the utility theory. The present study indicates that the effect of union participation is more reinforced when job satisfaction and union instrumentality are closely connected than when job satisfaction independently affects union participation. Thus, the result implicates that for the revitalization of the labor union, the organization needs to offer a variety of services to satisfy the expectation of whole union members in practical terms instead of concentrating on the labor movement for the political struggle. This point says a lot for a new direction of labor movement.

• CRM연구
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2009

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects of e-CRM activities by the internet shopping mall companies on the purchase activities of purchase customers and the potential customers. The internet shopping companies utilize e-CRM to systematically identify customers' varying demands, and to utilize the results as marketing tools, thus producing a significant effect on the potential customers by generating customer feedback through e-Community. Contrary to their intention, however, cognitive dissonance can occur through e-Community, which may lead to customers' complaints. If these complaints are not properly managed and settled in a timely manner, they can be transferred to other potential customers, and the conformity phenomenon could be created by other complaining customers. Findings obtained through this thesis are as follows: If cognitive disharmony is created by customers who purchased products through the internet shopping malls, this can lead to private complaining behaviors, and subsequently, these behaviors are formed through e-Community. If the internet shopping mall companies do not take any timely and proper measures to intervene in the stage of private complaining behaviors in the first place, these behaviors will immediately escalate into the public complaining behaviors. Furthermore, the complaints will be transferred to other potential customers, ultimately resulting in their swift expansion. In other words, contrary to intention of the internet shopping mall companies, e-CRM does not facilitate the potential customers purchase decision, it rather affects them to postpone or withdraw their purchase decision. Accordingly, the internet shopping mall companies are required to manage e-Community with extreme care, and they should promptly respond to the complaining customers so that e-Community can function properly.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.436-446
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly, to examine the relationships among those variables and to investigate leisure activities and depression according to cognitive function. Methods: The subjects were 105 female elderly visiting two senior citizen centers in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from November to December 2006. The participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. All information was collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. Results: 26.0% of the participants were cognitive impaired but not demented and 17.3% were demented. The level of depression was severe and 77.9% of the subjects were depressed. The subjects were not actively engaging in leisure activities. There were significant correlations between cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly. Demented or CIND subjects were more actively engaging in extra family fulfillment type leisure activities than normal subjects, Conclusion: These findings showed the need for a program for female elderly regarding leisure activities. When counseling the elderly, nurses must consider their cognitive function, leisure activities and depression.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1085-1095
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• 2015

In music theory, the triton is defined as a musical interval composed of three adjacent whole tones(or six semitones), which generates a harmonic and melodic dissonance. The triton paradox is an auditory illusion which is heard as ascending by some people and as descending by others. In this paper we examine an emerging non-static biometric technique that aims to identify users based on analyzing uniqueness and consistency through the user experiences. We also propose some authentication schemes which provides protection against key logging, shoulder surfing, and brute force attacks.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to examine relationships among emotional labor, self-efficacy, and burnout of employees in public health centers. Factors that influence burnout of workers were also assessed. Methods: One hundred sixty six workers in public health centers completed a pack of self-report questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA along with $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Employees in public health centers seemed to experience emotional labor to some extent. There were statistically significant differences in burnout depending on the age of workers. Employees' burnout had a positive relationship with emotional labor and a negative relationship with self-efficacy. Factors influencing burnout of employees in public health centers were emotional dissonance, surveillance & monitoring of organization, age, and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Considering the findings from this study, health care providers need to develop effective interventions which increase the level of self-efficacy and decrease certain types of emotional labor for employees in public health centers and to help them effectively manage burnout.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2010

In this study I hope to answer the questions, "In real estate marketing, what are the steps on Purchase and Postpurchase Behavior in Real Estate Marketing?" The findings of this study can suggest the implications as follows. As the purchase decision making process of consumer in real estate marketing, purchase and postpurchase behavior are specifically proposed. They will contribute to the theoretical progress of understanding on consumer behavior in real estate. And this study enlarges general marketing to real estate marketing by analyzing specific purchase and postpurchase behavior in real estate.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.1687-1697
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• 2007

Paik Nam-June is known as a Video Artist. Video is a presentation tool with the feature of recordability. However, it is not only a video which has been applied as an art presentation tool by him. Nevertheless, the existing researches fail to notice the aesthetic concept which is shown as the rest contents or forms, as they focus on the media features of Paik Nam-June's video. Therefore, this article aims at contemplating the art world of Paik Nam-June with its contents as 'visualization of music' and its form as 'hypermediacy' Therefore, 1. Sound is shown as the visualization of music, with the direct influence of absolute hollowness and noise of John Cage, originated from Zen Buddhism, while the foundation of it is known to be from the liberation of dissonance of Arnold Schoenberg and creative impromptu of shamanic sound. 2. The from of TVs influence of the orchestra, originated from Culture of a dining table in Korean. and indicated hypermediacy 3. Paik Nam-June indicated 'Text-interpretation' us to text analytics of 'how to read', rather than the question of 'what to tell' by intermedia as the visualization of music & hypermediacy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-122
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• 2005

The major purpose of this study is to explore the effect of the presentation undo combined by main four media(moving Image, audio, turf image) of web contents on the children's information processing process. So children were assigned to one of five experimental medium conditions: 'moving Image1 (auditory-visual redundancy)', 'moving Image2 (auditory-visual dissonance)', 'text', 'text-with-image', 'audio'. Results indicated that the moving image was found to be the most effective transmitter of internet news information for children's recall. And the recall advantage of moving image was found to be particularly pronounced for verbal information supplemented with redundant visual.