• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.277-286
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training on the working memory and executive function of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. The sample consisted of 20 patients with mild traumatic brain injury who had received rehabilitation treatment in a rehabilitation unit. The subjects were assigned to either the experimental (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). The experimental group received computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training for 60 minutes, whereas the control group received only traditional cognitive training for 60 minutes. Both the groups received their respective interventions for 60 minutes a day and 5 times per week across a period of 4 weeks. Working memory and executive function were assessed using the digit span test (forward and backward), visual memory 1 and 2 of the Motor-free Visual Perception Test-3, trail making test, and Stroop test (A and B) both before and after the intervention. The experimental group showed a significantly greater improvement in visual memory and performance on the Stroop test A than the control group. These findings suggest that computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and traditional cognitive training are more effective in promoting positive changes in the working memory and executive function of individuals with mild traumatic brain injury than traditional cognitive training.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether longitudinal changes in positive and negative symptoms affect cognitive functioning in chronic schizophrenia. Methods: Sixty-eight patients diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia were examined on two occasions over 6 months for symptoms and cognitive changes. Symptoms were measured by PANSS. Cognitive functions were examined for sustained attention, executive function, concentration and attention, and verbal memory and learning using Degraded Stimulus Continuous Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, respectively. Twenty control subjects were assessed to compare the cognitive scores of remitted schizophrenic patients. Results: Patients showed significant improvement in symptoms and all cognitive tests after 6 months treatments. Significant improvements in positive and negative symptoms did not predict improvements in any aspect of cognitive functioning measured. Normal controls performed significantly better than remitted schizophrenic patients on all cognitive tests. The results show no relationship between change in symptoms and change in cognition in chronic schizophrenia. Conclusion: We suggest that symptomatic and cognitive impairment may be a distinct construct. These findings highlight the importance of treating cognitive impairment in addition to the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.431-444
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference of cognitive function, depression, and quality of life according to demographic factors and exercise participation among 148 elderly over 60 years old. The cognitive function was measured by the Korean version of mini mental state exam, Digit span test, Trail making test, and the Stroop test. Also the psychological variables were showed depression and quality of life. As a results, first, depending on the degree of demographic characteristics of elderly had significant difference. Second, according to the participation of the exercise, the score was higher than the aged who did not participate in the exercise. Third, there were significant differences according to duration of exercise, period of exercise, frequency of exercise, and exercise time of the aged that who participate in exercise. Lastly, the cognitive function, depression and quality of life of the subjects were found to be correlated. In conclusion, the aged need to regularly participate in various exercise and physical activity programs to improve the quality of life by improving the cognitive function and decreasing depression of the elderly.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.242-250
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• 2021

The subjects of this study were 514 people aged 65 and older who voluntarily participated in the senior welfare center in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between muscular strength, cognitive function, activities of daily living, depression variables of elderly people in a comprehensive evaluation. As for the data collection methods, were measured the upper and lower body strength, grip strength(left, right), cognitive function(mini-mental state examination, trail marking test, digit span test, stroop test), activities of daily living and depression was measured using a questionnaire. The results are as follows First, there was a statistically significant correlation between the elderly's muscular strength, cognitive function, daily living ability, and depression. Second, the statistical significance was found among all the variables as a result of the analysis of the elderly's integrated muscular strength, cognitive function, activities of daily living and depression. This study can provide basic data for successful aging and independent retirement life of the elderly by confirming the relationship between the elderly's muscular strength, cognitive function, Activities of daily living, and depression.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-25
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• 2020

Objectives: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important mental health problem that needs resolution, especially considering the high rates of ADHD continuation from childhood to adolescence/adulthood and the high prevalence of ADHD in adults. Adults with ADHD have lifelong negative impacts and require close monitoring with long-term follow-up. Hence, the establishment of a Korean practice parameter for adult ADHD is necessary to minimize discontinuation of treatment and enable information sharing among Korean mental health professionals. Methods: The Korean practice parameter was developed using an evidence-based approach consisting of expert consensus survey coupled with literature review. Results: According to the expert consensus survey, the most commonly used diagnostic methods were clinical psychiatric interview (20.66%) and self-report scales (19.25%) followed by attention (14.71%) and psychological tests (14.24%). Key evaluation instruments currently available in Korea are the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Rating Scale, Korean Adult ADHD Rating Scale, Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults, Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale for adults, Comprehensive Attention Test, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, and the subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing. Although pharmacotherapy is recommended as the first-line of treatment for adult ADHD, we recommend that it be followed by a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach including psychoeducation, pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy and coaching. Conclusion: The Korean practice parameter introduces not only general information for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD on a global scale, but also the process of diagnosis and treatment options tailored to the Korean population.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.237-259
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• 2011

Mathematics learning disabilities is a specific learning disorder affecting the normal acquisition of arithmetic and spatial skills. Reported prevalence rates range from 5 to 10 percent and show high rates of comorbid disabilities, such as dyslexia and ADHD. In this study, the characteristics and the causes of this disorder has been examined. The core cause of mathematics learning disabilities is not clear yet: it can come from general cognitive problems, or disorder of innate intuitive number module could be the cause. Recently, researchers try to subdivide mathematics learning disabilities as (1) semantic/memory type, (2) procedural/skill type, (3) visuospatial type, and (4) reasoning type. Each subtype is related to specific brain areas subserving mathematical cognition. Based on these findings, the author has performed a basic research to develop grade specific diagnostic tests: number processing test and math word problems for lower grades and comprehensive math knowledge tests for the upper grades. The results should help teachers to find out prior knowledge, specific weaknesses of students, and plan personalized intervention program. The author suggest diagnostic tests are organized into 6 components. They are number sense, conceptual knowledge, arithmetic facts retrieval, procedural skills, mathematical reasoning/word problem solving, and visuospatial perception tests. This grouping will also help the examiner to figure out the processing time for each component.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop auditory-verbal and visual-spatial memory tasks using smart devices for children aged 8 to 10 years and examine their validity. Methods: One-hundred and fourteen school-aged children were recruited through internet advertising. We developed memory tasks assessing auditory-verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, and working memory, and then examined their construct validity by examining the developmental trend of the children's mean scores with age. In order to examine the concurrent validity of the tasks, we conducted correlation analyses between the children's scores on the newly developed auditory-verbal, visual-spatial memory and working memory tasks and their scores on well-known standardized tests of memory and working memory, including the auditory-verbal memory subtests of the Korean Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children, Korean Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, digit span and arithmetic subtest of Korean Educational Development Institute Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised, and Corsi block test. Results: The memory and working memory scores measured by the newly developed tasks tended to increase with age. Further, there were significant correlations between the scores of the four cognitive tasks and the corresponding scores of the standardized assessment tools. Conclusion: This study revealed promising evidence for the validity of the memory tasks using smart devices, suggesting their utility for school-aged children in research and clinical settings.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the deficits of executive function in children with ADHD, Asperger's Disorder(AD), and teaming disorder (LD), and to identify the differential characteristics of executive function deficits among three groups. Methods : The clinical group consisted of 46 children between the ages of 7 and 15 (16 ADHD, 16 LD, 14 AD). Neuropsychological tests for measuring cognitive function, attention and executive function were individually administered to children, and their performance scores were calculated based on the age norm for each test. Results : There was no significant difference in FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ among the three groups. However, the AD group tended to show higher scores on the subtests of Information, Vocabulary and Digit Span, and lower score on Comprehension subtest than the ADHD and LD groups, while the LD group tended to show the lowest scores on the Information and Vocabulary subtests. On ADS, the ADHD group showed the highest omission and commission errors. All groups showed poor performances belonging to below 25 percentile ranks on executive function tests when compared to the age norms of normative group. The number of completed category on WCST was the smallest in the ADHD group, while the working memory score was the lowest in the LD group. Conclusion : These results suggest that ADHD, LD, and AD children have executive function deficit in common. However, the specific deficit areas in executive function are different for each group.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.285-301
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health-related physical fitness factors and cognitive function and isolation on 308 elderly over 65 years old in Seoul and Gyeonggi do. The measuring instrument were as follows demographic characteristics(age, education level, drink, spouse, participation on in exercise) and health-related physical fitness(grip strength, leg strength, flexibility, balance), cognitive function (MMSE-K, digit span test) and emotional/social aspects of loneliness and isolation was measured. As a results, first, depending on the degree of demographic characteristics of elderly had significant difference. Second, health-related physical fitness and cognitive function are positive correlated, negative correlation between cognitive function and isolation. Third, health-related physical fitness of the elderly had a significant effect on cognitive function. Fourth, health-related fitness of the elderly had a significant effect on isolation. Fifth, the cognitive function of the elderly had a significant effect on isolation. In conclusion, this study will provide basic data for future aged man welfare studies and contribute to extended studies.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of cognitve function among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder according to severity of symptoms. Methods: The subjects were 90 psychiatric inpatients and outpatients with posttraumatic stress disorer(by DSM-IV criteria) after traffic accident. The severity of symptoms was assessed by MMPI subscales; depression, psychasthenia, schizophrenia. The impairment of cognitive function was assessed by Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS). Based on scores of the MMPI subscales, the patients were divided into high group(above 70 percentile) and low group(below 30 percentile). We estimated the difference of the K-WAIS score and subtest score in the low group and high group of the MMPI subscales by indedpendent t-test. Results: The scores of high group is significantly higher in the subtests of information, vocabulary, similarity, picture completion, and picture arrangement than the low group for psychasthenia subscale of MMPI. And the score of high group is significantly higher in full scale I.Q., verbal I.Q., performance I.Q., verbal subscales except digit span and simiarity, and performance subscales than low group for schiozphrenia subscale of MMPI. Conclusion: It was found cognitive function was more impaired in the group of PTSD with severe symptom compared to the group of PTSD with mild symptoms. We suggest that psychiatrist should consider various cognitive approaches as well as pharmacotherapy in the management of PTSD.