• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2019

Purpose - Recently, many theoretical researches suggested that arts-based marketing strategies provide many benefits for marketers to differentiate their brand or product from others. However, there has been little research focusing on consumers' response types from artwork (artifact-emotion appraisal; A-emotion vs. represented world-emotion appraisal; R-emotion). In order to deepen our understanding of arts-based marketing strategies, we addressed a research question related to how artwork-provoked consumers' emotional response can impact the perceived evaluation of art infused products. Research design, data, and methodology - To answer the research question, we conducted a pretest and one experimental study. The experimental study was 2(art-provoked response type: A-emotion vs. R-emotion) by 2(emotional valence: positive vs. negative) by 2(produce type: hedonic vs. utilitarian) mixed design. The art-provoked response type and emotional valence were between-subject design and product type was within subject design. For the experimental study, 108 undergraduate students and graduate students were randomly assigned to one of 4 conditions (A-emotion-positive, A-emotion-negative, R-emotion-positive, R-emotion-negative). Participants reported their evaluation of art-infused product and other items for a manipulation check. Results - The major results from the experimental study are as follow. First, participant's art-provoked response type influenced evaluation of art infused products differently. More specifically, the effect of emotional valence of artwork on product evaluation was not significant in A-emotion. However, in R-emotion, relative to the product with artwork provoked negative emotional valence, the product with artwork provoked positive emotional valence elicited significantly higher product evaluation. Second, product type also affected the art infusion effect significantly. Particularly, the differential effect of participant's art-provoked response type on product evaluation revealed when it is for a utilitarian product, but not for a hedonic product. Conclusions - Theoretically, the findings of this study expand academic research on art infusion. And the findings also can be extrapolated to generate lots of implication for marketers. In sum, when they plan art marketing strategies to build the favorable relationship with their customers, they need to consider customers' response type of an infused art and product type.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2021

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, which causes bacterial canker in kiwifruit, is divided into five biovars (1, 2, 3, 5, 6) on the basis of genetic characteristics and toxin productivity. Among them, biovar 3 is responsible for the current global outbreak, and has been isolated in Korea since 2011. Biovar 3 strains isolated from Korea are subdivided into six genetically different lineages (subgroup I, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In this work, the subgroup-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were developed from sequenced differential RAPD bands. Distribution of the subgroups of the biovar 3 strains collected in Korea from 2011-2017 were examined using these subgroup-specific primer sets. Among the 54 strains tested, 35 strains (64.8%) belonged to subgroup V, 9 strains (16.7%) belonged to subgroup IV, 4 strains (7.4%) belonged to subgroup VI, 3 strains (5.6%) belonged to subgroup VII, 2 strains (3.7%) belonged to subgroup VIII, and 1 (1.9%) strain belonged to subgroup I. Strains belonging to subgroups IV, V, and VI were shown to be related to strains isolated from China, New Zealand, and Chile, respectively. The study revealed that the biovar 3 strains in Korea are genetically diverse and are estimated to have been introduced through pollen sourced from foreign countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.82 no.4
• /
• pp.903-913
• /
• 2021

Purpose To identify the imaging features indicative of sarcoid-like reactions in patients with intrathoracic lymphadenopathy after complete remission of malignancies. Materials and Methods This study enrolled five patients with histopathologically confirmed sarcoid-like reactions that developed after cancer remission. The clinical features and findings of CT and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT were assessed. Results The underlying malignancies included breast, nasopharyngeal, colon, and endometrial cancer and lymphoma. The time intervals between complete remission of malignancy and the diagnosis of sarcoid-like reaction ranged from 6 to 78 months. CT findings of sarcoid-like reaction included bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathies (n = 5), pulmonary nodules (1-15 mm) with peribronchovascular, fissural, or subpleural distribution, and interlobular interstitial thickening in the lungs (n = 4). ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT revealed hypermetabolic uptake in the mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and both lungs in the absence of extrathoracic uptake (n = 3). The sarcoid-like reactions resolved in all patients after corticosteroid treatment. Conclusion In patients with complete remission of malignancies, newly developed bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathies with or without pulmonary nodules of perilymphatic distribution, in the absence of recurrence at the primary tumor site and extrathoracic metastasis, may suggest a sarcoid-like reaction. Such cases warrant histologic evaluation of the lymph nodes to prevent unnecessary systemic chemotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 1973

During the last decade extensive studios on catecholamines have evolved new knowledge in the physiology and biochemistry of adrenergic mechanism. Cardiac muscle, receiving adrenergic fibres from the stellate, cervical and thoracic ganglia, has been repeatedly shown to have a specific capacity to uptake and to store catecholamines. The catecholamine stores in cardiac muscle have also been shown to be important sites for the action of numerous drugs. Under normal condition, a certain level of catecholamines is maintained in the stores and serves as the basis for studying the changes in the catecholamine content of the heart. Because myocardial catecholamines play such important role in the patho-physiology of the heart, it would be interesting to compare the normal level of myocardial catecholamines among various species of animals. An occasional study has dealt with myocardial catecholamines of several species add ages of animals but these have been insufficiently comprehensive to afford a basis for an understanding of the importance of these amines as related to species and ages. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not there is any significance of myocardial catecholamines in the course of the evolution and development of animals. Seasonal changes, sex difference and regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial catecholamines were also examined. The concentration of cardiac catecholamines was determined by the spectrophotofluorometric procedure described by Shore and Olin. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. As animals phylogenetically progressed larger amounts of catecholamines were resent in their hearts. A negligibly small amount of catecholamine was present in the hearts of the clam, a non-vertebrate. Among the vertebrates, cold-blooded animals (snake, turtle, frog, eel and fish) had less myocardial catecholamines than warm-blooded animals, of which aves (fowl and duck) had less than mammalia (cat, dog, rabbit, rat, cow and pig). The ratio of norepinephrine to epinephrine also was greater as the animals progress phylogenetically. 2. Examination of the regional distribution of cardiac catecholamines in warm-blooded animals showed that the content of the auricle was generally higher than that of the septum and considerably than that of the ventricle, but the differences of contents among these regions were not so marked. 3. In the embryonic chick, cardiac catecholamines were firstly detected on the 4th day of incubation, the time before the cardiac innervation of sympathetic nerves. The concentrations of these catecholamines increased but not markedly on the 6th day of incubation, soon after the innervation of sympathetic nerves to the heart. The level of the cardiac catecholamines fluctuated throughout the remainder of embryonic development. 4. In newborn rat hearts, a considerable amount of catecholamines was present. With the development of the rats, the concentrations of myocardial catecholamines increased. The ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine fluctuated within the range of 40 to 60 pervent. However, as development progressed, the percentage of norepinephrine continued to rise, attaining the adult value of $80{\sim}90%$ after $45{\sim}60$ days. In contrast, the total amount of epinephrine remained fairly constant throughout the animal's development. 5. No significant sexual differences were observed in the concentration of myocardial catecholamines in the developing rat. 6. The catecholamines in the rabbit hearts increased during the summer season (from May to August) and maintained a fairly constant level in the other seasons of the year. 7. The subcellular distribution of cardiac catecholamines was examined by differential centrifugation of homogenates of cardiac muscles in rabbits, cats and rats. The catecholamines were found to be present approximately 20% in particles of mitochondrial fraction, 45% in particles of microsomal fraction and 35% in soluble supernatant fraction. The particle containing catecholamines in cardiac muscle appears to be two different sizes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.134-140
• /
• 2012

This retrospective study was performed to describe and evaluate ultrasonographic characteristics of splenic disorders and to pursue any relationship with cytologic or histopathologic diagnoses. Medical records were reviewed for patients that had undergone both abdominal ultrasonographic procedures and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or surgical biopsy of splenic lesions or necropsy from January 2002 to July 2011 at Seoul National University Hospital for Animals. Total 124 dogs, 76 cases with FNA and 48 cases with biopsy, were available for this investigation. The age of dogs ranged from 2 to 17 years ($mean{\pm}SD$ = $9.54{\pm}3.34$ years), with the gender distribution of 61 females (26 spayed) and 63 males (40 neutered). In breed distribution, 114 were purebred dogs and 10 were mixed breed dogs. The dogs represented 26 breeds, with 113 dogs categorized into small-sized breeds. The ultrasonographic appearances of splenic disorders could be classified into 10 types including normal appearance, depending on the distribution and echogenicity of splenic lesions as well as the increase in spleen size and diffuse parenchymal changes. Among 124 cases, 44 (35.4%) had hypoechoic nodules/masses with the highest frequency, followed by 23 (18.5%) with multiple small hypoechoic nodules. Of 124 cases, 70 (56.5%) were benign and 54 (43.5%) were malignant lesions at cytologic or histopathologic results. Each ultrasonographic appearance had variable cytologic or histopathologic diagnoses. However, diffuse heterogenicity and diffuse hypoechogenicity were significantly associated with malignancy (p < 0.05), whereas hyperechoic nodules/masses were more often associated with benignity (p < 0.05). Based on our results, it may be considered that the ultrasonographic examination for spleen could be able to provide the least information necessary for benign and malignant lesions in prioritizing differential diagnoses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.61-96
• /
• 1965

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and 98 females in the purpose of determination of hematological values and its sex difference, and seasonal variations during one year period from December 1963 to November 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cell count and differential count were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex defferences and seasonal variations were as follows; 1. The erythrocyte count of male showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.75{\times}10^6/c.mm$ with a mean of $6.5{\pm}0.096{\times}10^6/c.mm$. Female showed a range of $5.0{\times}10^6/c.mm$ to $8.30{\times}10^6/c.mm$, with a mean of 6. $131{\pm}0.078{\times}10^6/c.mm$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasomal variation was not found to be significant. 2. The hemoglobin value of male showed a range of 9.0g/100cc. to 14.5g/100cc. with a mean of $11.074{\pm}0.143g/100cc$. Female showed a range of 9.0g/100cc to 13.0g/100cc. with a mean of $10.745{\pm}0.034g/100cc$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 3. The hematocrit value of male showed a range of 28% to 45% and with a mean of $34.867{\pm}0.468%$. Female showed a range of 28% to 42% with a mean of $32.888{\pm}0.322%$. There was a highly significant sex difference and seasonal variation was not found to be significant. 4. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin of male showed a range of 14.4rr. to 19.6rr. with a mean of $17.1{\pm}0.112rr$. Female showed a range of 14.7rr. to 19.5rr. with a mean of $17.6{\pm}0.113rr$. 5. The mean corpusular volume of male showed a range of $42.5{\mu}^3$ to $62.2{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.9{\pm}0.419{\mu}^3$, Female showed a range of $44.2{\mu}^3$ to $60.0{\mu}^3$ with a mean of $53.8{\pm}0.375{\mu}^3$. 6. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of male showed a range of 28.1 % to 34.9% with a mean of $31.4{\pm}0.161%$. Female showed a range of 28.0% to 34.9% with a mean of $30.9{\pm}0.169%$. 7. The total leucocyte count of male showed a range of 4,000/c.mm to 13,100/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}218.23/c.mm$. Female showed a range of 4,000/c.mm. to 14,000/c.mm. with a mean of $9,338{\pm}235.90/c.mm$. Six difference was not found to be significant and there was a highly significant seasonal variation. 8. The differential count of male, the means of neutrophil, stab, segmented cell, Iymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil were $31.173{\pm}0.570%$, 0.3%. $30.867{\pm}0.564%$, $55.112{\pm}0.603%$, $3.745{\pm}0.082%$, $9.867{\pm}0.422%$ and 0.14% rspectively. Female showed means of $31.010{\pm}0.572%$, 0.2%, $30.806{\pm}0.569%$, $53.929{\pm}0.634%$, $4.082{\pm}0.109%$, $10.908{\pm}0.503%$ and 0.12% respectively. There were significant sex differences in monocyte and highly significant sex difference in eosinophil, and seasonal variation were found to be highly significant in neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil. 9. Hematological comparison made between cattles infested with so called "small type piroplasma" and non-infested group. The result of investigation showed no significant difference upon the red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit values between lighty infested group and non-infested group. 10. Age distribution of test group in this study ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and their average age were $4.45{\pm}0.114$(male) and $4.50{\pm}0.116$(female). There found to be no significant sex difference and seasonal variations in the age of test group.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.285-292
• /
• 2009

It has been observed that, after long term storage, some ammunitions are misfired by tamping (combustionstopping) due to aging of the chemicals loaded in the ammunitions. Used in ammunitions are percussion powder which provides the initial energy, igniter which ignites the percussion powder, and a delay system that delays the combustion for a period of time. The percussion powder is loaded first, followed by the igniter and then the delay system, and the ammunitions explode by the energy being transferred in the same order. Tamping occurs by combustion-stopping of the igniter or insufficient energy transfer from the igniter to the delay system or the combustion-stopping of the delay system, which are suspected to be caused by low purity of the components, inappropriate mixing ratio, size distribution of particulate components, type of the binder, blending method, hydrolysis by the humidity penetrated during the long term storage, and chemical changes of the components by high temperature. Goal of this study is to find the causes of the combustion-stopping of the igniter and the delay system of the ammunitions after long term storage. In this study, a method was developed for testing of the combustion-stopping, and the size distributions of the particulate components were analyzed with field-flow fractionation (FFF), and then the mechanism of chemical change during long term storage was investigated by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry), XRD (X-ray diffractometry), and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). For the ignition system, M (metal)-O (oxygen) and M-OH peaks were observed at the oxygen's 1s position in the XPS spectrum. It was also found by XRD that $Fe_3O_4$ was produced. Thus it can be concluded that the combustion-stopping is caused by reduction in energy due to oxidation of the igniter.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.761-778
• /
• 2014

There has been relatively little study to model price for commercial property because of its low transaction volume in the market. Despite of this thin market character, this paper tried to estimate prices for commercial lots as accurate as possible. We constructed a model whose components consist of mean structure(global trend), exponential covariance function and a pure error term, and applied it to actual sales price data of Seoul. We explicitly took account of spatial autocorrelation of land price by utilizing a kriging technique, a representative method of spatial interpolation, because the land price of commercial lots has feature of differential price forming pattern depending on submarkets they belong to. In addition, we chose to apply a bayesian kriging to overcome data scarcity by incorporating experts' knowledge into prior probability distribution. The chosen model's excellent performance was verified by the result from validation data. We confirmed that the excellence of the model is attributed to incorporating both autocorexperts' knowledge and spatial autocorrelation in the model construction. This paper is differentiated from previous studies in the sense that it applied the bayesian kriging technique to estimate price for commercial lots and explicitly combined experts' knowledge with data. It is expected that the result of this paper would provide a useful guide for the circumstances under which property price has to be estimated reliably based on sparse transaction data.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.297-303
• /
• 2014

The effect of solar irradiance has been used to estimate daily maximum temperature, which make it possible to reduce the error inherent to lapse-rate based elevation difference correction in mountainous terrain. Still, recent observations indicated that the effect of solar radiation would need correction for estimation of daily maximum temperature. It was attempted to examine what would cause the variability of solar irradiance effect in determination of daily maximum temperature under natural field conditions and to suggest improved methods for estimation of the temperature distribution over mountainous regions. Temperature at 1500 and the wind speed for 1100 to 1500 were obtained at 10 validation sites with various topographical features including slope and aspect within a mountainous $50km^2$ catchment for 2012-2013. Lapse-rate corrected temperature estimates on clear days were compared with these observations, which would represent the differential irradiance effect among sloped surfaces. Results indicated a negative correlation between the mean wind speed and the estimation error. A simple scheme was derived from relationship between wind speed and estimation error for daily temperature to correct the effect of solar radiation. This scheme was incorporated into an existing model to estimate daily maximum temperature based on the effect of solar radiation. At 10 validation sites on clear days, estimates of 1500 LST temperature with and without the correction scheme were compared. It was found that a substantial improvement was achieved when the correction scheme was applied in terms of bias correction as well as error size reduction at all sites.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.215-225
• /
• 2015

Recently, the importance of energy saving and alternative energy is significantly increasing due to energy depletion and the phase change material (PCM) research for saving energy is also actively investigating. In this research, the membrane emulsification using SPG membrane was used to make various microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) particles which were comprised of $Rubitherms^{(R)}$ (RT-21 and RT-24) core and silica coating. We investigated the pressure of the dispersion phase, the concentration of surfactant, and the ratio of $Rubitherm^{(R)}$ and silica to prepare various MPCM particles. The DSC and TGA were used to examine the heat stability and latent heat properties. Also, PSA, SEM, and optical microscopy were used to confirm the size of $Rubitherm^{(R)}$ particles and the thickness of silica shell. The average of particle size was $7-8{\mu}m$. And, FT-IR was also used to enforce the qualitative analysis. Finally, the MPCM particles obtained from membrane emulsification showed monodispersed size distribution and the heat stability and latent heat were kept up to 80% compared to pure $Rubitherm^{(R)}$. So, it can be effectively used for wallpaper, buildings and interior products for energy saving as PCMs.