• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.866-873
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 어린이집에 다니는 미취학 아동의 식습관 및 영양지식상태를 파악하여 보건소의 영양 및 건강증진사업을 위한 영양교육 자료개발에 유용한 기초자료로 제공하고자 울산시 북구에 소재한 어린이집에 다니는 아동 1,200명을 대상으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 성별은 남아 429명(52.6%), 여아 386명(47.4%)이었으며, 연령은 $3{\sim}7$세로 4세 240명(29.4%), 5세 294명(36.1%), 6세 163명(20.0%)으로 대부분을 차지하였고 3세와 7세는 각각 14.0%와 0.5%로 적었다. 부모의 직업으로는 지역의 특성상 생산직 근로자(38.7%)와 사무직(33.9%)이 높게 나타났고, 교육 정도에서 아버지는 전문대 졸업(51.6%)이 가장 많았고, 어머니는 고등학교 졸업이 58.0%로 가장 많았다. 월평균 소득은 $200{\sim}300$만원 미만이 42.0%로 가장 많이 나타났으며, 다음이 $100{\sim}200$만원 미만으로 20.6%로 나타났다. 조사대상 아동의 평균 신장과 체중은 108.0cm와 18.7kg으로 한국소아협회의 연령별 체위기준인 111.0cm, 19.0kg보다 약간 낮게 나타났다. PIBW에 근거한 저체중은 14.6%, 정상체중은 54.4%, 과체중 및 비만은 31.0%로 나타났다. 아동들의 일상적인 식습관을 나타내는 식습관점수는 전체 평균 22.0점(30점 만점)으로 남아 22.0점, 여아 21.9점으로 거의 비슷하게 나타났으며, 항목별 점수에서 가장 높은 점수는 '아침을 매일 규칙적으로 먹는다'였고, 가장 낮은 점수는 '당근, 시금치등 녹황색 채소의 섭취'로 나타났다. 식행동에서는 전체 아동의 69.1%가 편식을 하였으며, 편식식품으로는 채소류가 51.2%, 다음이 육류 및 생선류로 나타났다. 간식섭취 실태에서는 피자나 햄버거 등 패스트푸드의 섭취빈도가 가장 많았고 다음이 탄산음료, 튀김류의 순으로 나타났다. 영양지식점수는 교육실시 이전의 전체 평균은 7.7점(10점 만점)으로 남아가 여아보다 약간 높은 점수를 보였고 영양교육을 4주간 실시 후에는 전체 평균점수가 8.9점으로 향상되었으며 역시 남아가 여아보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 이상의 연구결과를 종합해볼 때 미취학 아동들은 저체중과 과체중 및 비만의 문제를 동시에 가지고 있었고, 식습관에서 편식이 많았으며, 간식의 섭취비율이 클 뿐만 아니라 종류에서도 인스턴트 및 패스트푸드 식품을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 건전한 식습관으로 아동의 영양상태 개선과 소아비만의 예방 및 올바른 식사예절의 정착을 위한 정기적인 영양교육이 필요하다고 하겠다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.151-165
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• 2005

농촌지역노인들이 평소 실천해온 건강생활습관이 기능적 건강상태의 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 건강상태에 바람직하게 작용하는 건강생활습관요인들을 찾아내기 위한 목적으로 경상북도 성주군의 65세 이상 노인 중 8개보건진료소권역의 3개리에 거주하고 있는 노 1,295명을 대상으로 하여 1996년 10월 한달간 1차 조사를 실시하고 3년 10개월 후인 2000년 7월과 8월에 이들에 대한 2차 추적조사를 실시하였다. 추적된 대상자는 1,014명이었다. 건강생활습관의 경우 요인분석을 통해 6개의 요인 15항목의 생활습관 문항을 사용하였다. 1차조사시 고ADL과 고IADL이었던 자만 대상으로 하여 2차 조사시 건강수준의 변화여부를 종속변수로 하였다. ADL은 단순분석결과 남자는 일반적 특성 중 연령, 경제수준, 직업, 교육수준이, 여자는 연령과 경제수준이 건강상태의 변화에 유의한 관련성이 있었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석의 결과 일반적 특성이 ADL의 변화에 유의한 변수로 남자는 연령과 교육수준이, 여자는 연령과 경제수준이었다. 건강생활습관으로는 남자에서 식이요인이, 여자에서는 식이요인과 사회 참여요인이었으며, 일반적 특성을 통제하였을 경우에는 남 여 모두 식이요인이 유의한 변수였다. IADL은 단순분석결과 남자는 일반적 특성 중 연령이, 여자는 연령과 교육수준이 건강상태의 변화에 유의한 관련성이 있었다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석의 결과 일반적 특성이 IADL의 변화에 유의한 변수로 남자는 연령이, 여자는 연령과 교육수준이었다. 건강생활습관으로 여자만 식이요인과 스트레스해소요인이었으며, 일반적 특성을 통제하였을 경우에도 여자만 식이요인과 스트레스해소요인이 유의한 변수였다. 결론적으로 65세 이상 노인인구의 기능적 건강을 유지하기 위해서는 올바른 식이습관과 적극적인 사회참여활동 그리고 스트레스해소 등의 건강 생활습관을 유지하도록 하는 방안이 강구되어야 한다. 이를 위하여 지역사회의 보건관련기관과 주민의 참여를 통한 보건교육 및 생활습관의 개선 작업들에 보다 많은 지원과 인력개발 등의 다각적 노력이 경주되어야 할 것이다.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2002

This study, as a basic research to manage a Chinese Medicine Health Promotion Center by way of showing an example, is a before and after experiment research for simple group to verify a difference with cholesterol, health status and perception of health in order to confirm a effectiveness of diet and regimen according to the 4th status of physical constitution. Research object was chosen of 42 persons who operate a physical constitutional dietary regimen among them after selecting professors and clinical nurses (55 persons) majoring in the science of nursing who participated in Chinese Medicine-oriented Nurse Training Course from Aug. of 2001 to Feb. of 2002 all over the country. Diagnostic tools for physical constitution was used of the questionary that is currently consisted of physical constitution grouping test in Eastern & Western Diagnose Center of K Medical Center, and rating of health status was used of the tool that standardized CMI(Cornell Medical Index) to be available for Korean, and perception measurement for health status was used of a visual analogue scale for the health status that each one perceive personally, and physiological status was measured of cholesterol in blood. Analysis for the collected data was carried out by percentage, $X^2$ test, paired t-test according to research object by using SPSS, and the results of this study are as follows. 1) There was no difference with cholesterol before or after the experiment for objects. As a result of estimation about difference with health status by areas before or after the experiment, there are more improved result in eyes, ears, digestive organs, bones and sinews organs, frequency of a disorder, habit, adaptation status, angry, healthy status than before the experiment. As a whole, after the experiment the health was more improved than before the experiment. As the result to inspect a difference of health perception between before and after experiment, after the experiment the health perception level was improved than before, however there was no meaningful differences. 2) As the result to inspect a difference of cholesterol between before and after experiment according to object's physical constitution, in the case of So-yang-in(a person with the minimum male: according to the male and female principles(the sun and the moon)) among the 4th status of physical constitution there was only meaningful difference statistically, however, after the experiment their cholesterol's value was increased. As the result to inspect the difference of health status between before and after the experiment according to physical constitution, all of Ta-um-in(a person with maximum the female), So-yang-in(with the minimum male), So-um-in(with the minimum female) had a meaningful difference before and after the experiment, which means that in all case by physical constitutional groups, after the experiment their health status was more improved than before the experiment. As the result to inspect a difference of health perception between before and after according to physical constitutions, in the case of Tae-um-in and So-um-in, average score after the experiment was risen than before the experiment so that it means that the level of health perception was improved, however, there was no meaning statistically. According to the above results, if continuous diet and regimen by each physical constitutions could be implemented, it is certain that the health could be maintained and promoted. And, what we are healthy is for oneself to feel it subjectively. However, I think that cholesterol score in blood that we can view objectively could be changed distinctly if we can implement a strict diet and regimen. Accordingly, it is necessary for a method and period of experiment to be more strict and longer. According to the above results, I would like to suggest as follows. 1) In order to understand health status by Korean's physical constitutions and to generalize it, these research will be repeated against much more objects that could be selected by proper grouping method to consider a representative. 2) It is necessary for a research to inspect health status by physical constitution by developing a health status measurement tool that has higher confidence and propriety based on physical constitutional theory.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.847-885
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• 2002

본 연구는 임상영양 분야의 전문 웹사이트로서 신장질환 환자를 위한 식사관리 및 영양평가프로그램을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다 프로그램은 신장질환을 신증후군, 신부전증, 혈액투석 및 복막투석으로 분류하고 식단 및 영양관리 프로그램과 식사섭취의 진단 및 평가 프로그램으로 구성하였다. 프로그램은 신장질환별 영양권장량 및 표준체중 파일, 식사섭취자료, 식품 및 영양소 데이터베이스 파일, 음식영양소 함량 파일, 영양소별 20순위 식품 파일, 신장질환별 식단 및 일일 식단표 파일, 식사력 조사 및 평가 파일, 식사요법 및 영양관리 파일 등을 데이터 베이스로 하여 사용자가 편리하게 이용할 수 있도록 웹 페이지 형식으로 만들어졌다. 사용자는 인터넷 사이트로 들어가 자신의 신장질환 및 일반사항 등을 입력함으로서 표준체중, 체격지수, 열량 및 단백질, 나트륨 등의 영양소 필요량과 함께 사용자의 BUN, Cr, na, K, Ca, P Ccr, Alb이 표준수치와 비교 제시된다. 사용자의 열량 및 영양소 필요양에 대한 정보를 이용하여 그 환자에게 알맞은 10일간의 식단이 제공되며 그 중 원하는 식단의 선택에 따라 식품명, 섭취량, 목측량이 표시된 구체적인 일일 식단표도 제공받을 수 있다. 사용자가 자신이 섭취한 음식에 대하여 영양섭취상태를 평가받으려면 식사섭취 진단 항목을 클릭한 후 섭취 음식 입력 항목을 선택하여 날짜별, 식사별로 자신이 하루동안 섭취한 음식 및 섭취량 등을 입력하고 영양섭취상태를 클릭하면 식사별, 식품군별로 다양하게 식사섭취상태의 진단과 영양평가를 받을 수 있다. 또한 각 신장질환에 따른 식사력 조사 및 상담\ulcorner평가를 이용함으로서 자신의 식습관 및 식사요법 등에 있어서 문제점을 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 이밖에 신장 질환별로 식품선택방법, 외식, 조리법, 식품교환표 등 환자들이 자신의 영양관리를 하는데 필요한 모든 정보를 제공받을 수 있도록 하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.416-427
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• 2011

본 연구는 부모의 사회경제적 수준과 초등학교 6학년 자녀의 과체중 위험도, 식습관, 식사 질과의 관계에 대하여 알아보고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 어머니 교육수준이 낮은 여학생 집단이 비교 집단에 비해 과체중의 위험도가 1.91배 높았다. 하지만 남학생의 경우에는 과체중 위험도와 사회경제수준 간에 유의성이 없었다. 2) 남녀 모두 수입 및 부모의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 과일류 섭취량이 유의적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 여학생의 경우 이와 함께 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 어패류의 섭취량도 유의적으로 낮았다. 3) 1일 평균 영양소 섭취량을 비교한 결과 여학생의 경우 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 총 섭취량과 식물성 식품의 섭취가 유의적으로 낮았으며, 이와 함께 탄수화물, 비타민 C, 칼륨, 식이 섬유의 섭취도 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 4) 여학생의 경우 아버지의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 높은 집단 보다 탄수화물을 통하여 섭취하는 에너지의 비율은 낮았던 반면, 지방의 비율은 유의적으로 높았다. 하지만 남학생의 경우 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준에 따른 열량 및 영양소 섭취량에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 5) 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 EAR 미만으로 영양소를 섭취하는 대상자 비율이 높았다. 남학생은 월수입이 낮은 집단에서 나이아신, 철분 섭취가 EAR 보다 부족한 학생비율이 높았으며, 부모의 교육수준에 따라서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 여학생은 사회경제적 수준이 낮은 집단에서 인의 섭취가 EAR 미만인 대상자가 비율이 유의적으로 높았고, 이와 함께 부모 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 나이아신과 비타민 B6의 섭취량이 EAR 보다 부족한 비율이 높았다. 6) 여학생의 경우 가구 월수입에 따른 비교에서 가구 월수입이 낮은 집단에서 라면의 섭취 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 부모의 교육수준에 따른 비교에서는 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 남녀 모두 아침 식사 결식 횟수가 높고, 라면의 섭취 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 7) 여학생의 경우 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준이 낮은 집단에서 식품섭취 다양성과 균형성이 모두 비교 집단에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 하지만 남학생의 경우 가구 월수입 및 부모의 교육수준에 따른 유의적인 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구를 통하여 부모의 사회경제적 수준은 여학생의 식습관과 식사의 질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 부모의 낮은 사회경제적 수준은 자녀의 바람직하지 않은 식습관과 낮은 식사의 질과 관련되어 있었으며, 이는 영양소 섭취량에도 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 어머니 교육수준은 여학생의 과체중 위험도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사회경제적 수준이 낮은 집단에 대한 건강한 식습관과 체중 관리를 위한 교육 및 영양 정책이 필요하다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.207-218
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• 1999

The increased number of elderly in Korea presents great challenges for community nutrition programs. Strategies to enhance elderly nutrition are needed, as well as dietary advice that are reality-based and tailored to the need of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall effectiveness of an elderly nutrition improvement program(ENIP), by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behavior after program completion. ENIP was conducted in Suwon for 4 months in 1998 at 5 centers for the elderly. The program provided individual nutrition counseling and brief biweekly group education sessions. To stimulate participation and motivation, the elderly in two centers were served free milk packs(200ml) three time a week during the program(milk＋education group), and the elderly in 3 other centers were served yoghurt on the program day(education group). Altogether, 102 subjects finished the program(milk＋education group 67 ; education group 35). Data about nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, diet records(24 hour recall) and dietary habit was collected before(baseline) and after the program(follow-up). The Drop-out rate for the milk＋education group(2.9%) was significantly lower than that for the education group(30.0%)(p<.001). The Nutrition Knowledge fo females milk＋education group increased significantly after the program, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Over 60% of all the elderly showed positive responses to the healthy eating attitudes. Energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, Calcium and Potassium intakes improved in the male milk＋education group. The Vitamin C intake improved in the male education group. Energy and vitamin A intakes improved in the female milk＋education group and energy, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Ca nad P in the female education group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of food intake changes on overall nutrient quality. For all elderly, the fish intake explained 12.6% of the variance, followed by candy intake and vegetable intake(model $R^2$=19.6%). Dietary habits such as meal time regularity and salty food reduction were markedly improved in both groups. Sixty-one percent of the milk＋education subjects stated their participation was voluntary and active, while 51% of education subjects did. Sixty four percent of the subjects stated their interest on diet increased remarkably through program participation. Considering the results, it is conjectured that ENIP had a great impact on nutrient intake, dietary attitudes and habits. Milk supplement showed no direct effects on elderly nutrition improvement, but it encouraged the program by reducing drop-out rates and inducing voluntary participation. Therefore milk supplement could enhance the community nutrition education program. Moreover it is strongly suggested that the ENIP be expanded to other communities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.372-389
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to select a simple and easy measurable food behavior checklist for the development of Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which reflects children's diet quality, as well as to evaluate the validity of the items in the food behavior checklist. The first 36 items in the checklist were established by an expert review, modifying the preliminary 50 items in the checklist, which had been selected by a literature review and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. 341 children in 5th and 6th grades at an elementary school participated in a one-day dietary record survey, and later responded to 36 food behavior questions of the checklist. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the responses to the food behavior checklist items along with the mean nutrient intakes of the children were calculated. From the result, in which responses of food frequency and food behavior items showed certain association with the dietary record data, a second checklist with 22 items was selected. A survey was conducted by using the second checklist. 1,393 children in the 5th and 6th grades at 12 elementary schools in metropolitan cities, such as Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, and Incheon, participated in the survey. Further, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. After the analysis, 19 items (10 items from food frequency and 9 items from food behavior) were finalized as the food behavior checklist items for the NQ. The final 19 food behavior checklist items were composed of 5 factors: 'Balance', 'Diversity', 'Moderation', 'Regularity', and 'Practice'. This study is a significant first trial to establish a comprehensive system for evaluating children's food habit and diet quality. This checklist might need continuous modification and revision reflecting the change of children's dietary life and the social environment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1817-1823
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• 2016

Areca nut (AN) chewing is a habit in many countries in Central, Southern, and Southeast Asia. It is strongly associated with the occurrence of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer as well as systemic inflammation. However, the association between AN intake and the development of gastric lesions has not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AN on gastric diseases using a mouse model for Helicobacter pylori infection. We studied four groups of mice: those fed a normal diet (ND), those fed a diet containing 2.5% AN (AD), those fed ND and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (ND/HP), and those fed AD and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (AD/HP). Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly during the experiments. At 10 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the stomach weight, H. pylori colonization, and gastric inflammation were evaluated. The stomach weight had increased significantly in the ND/HP and AD/HP groups along with increases in H. pylori colonization; however, there was no significant difference between these two groups with respect to stomach weight and colonization. On histological grading, mononuclear cell infiltration was severer in the AD/HP group than in the ND/HP group. These data suggest that chronic gastric inflammation was aggravated by AN treatment in the mice with H. pylori-induced gastric lesions. Furthermore, as previously suggested, this animal model is useful to determine the effect of potential carcinogens on gastric lesions induced by H. pylori infection.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1369-1379
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• 1999

To assess the food habits, nutrient intake and diet quality of preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Pusan by their meals and snacks, dietary survey was conducted with 176 subjects by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. 63.1% of the subjects often skipped meals and 72.1% of those skipped breakfast in the main. 94.5% had snacks over once per day. The mean energy intake was 1406.4kcal, with 57.7% of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrate, 13.7% by protein, 28.6% by fat. 54.9%, 71.7% and 26.5% of intakes of protein, calcium and iron were supplied respectively by animal food. Most of iron intake came from plant origin. The percent of calcium intake from animal origin was low significantly in a group aged 4 to 6(p<0.05). The mean intakes of calcium, iron and niacin of total subjects were below Recommended Dietary Allo wance(RDA) for Koreans. The mean intakes of iron and niacin of a group aged 1 to 3 were below RDA as well as those of energy, caicium, vitamin B2 and niacin of the group aged 4 to 6. For calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA were all over 36%. For most nutrients, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA were higher in the group aged 4 to 6 than in the group aged 1 to 3. Nutrient adequacy ratios(NAR) were the lowest in iron in case of the group aged 1 to 3 and in calcium in case of the group aged 4 to 6. NAR of iron increased and that of vitamin B2 decreased significantly along increase age(p<0.05). The mean adequacy ratios(MAR) were 0.82 for total subjects, 0.83 for the group aged 1 to 3 and 0.80 for the group aged 4 to 6. The indexes of nutritional quality(INQ) of calcium, iron and niacin of the group aged 1 to 3 were below 1 as well as those of calcium, vitamin B2 and niacin of the group aged 4 to 6. Both of the age groups received 31.6~59.0% of daily intakes of energy, fat, calcium, phosphrous, vitamin B2 and vitamin C from snacks. So snacks clearly play an important role in dietary intake. Both of the NARs of most nutrients and MAR were higher in snacks than in three meals. The INQs of calcium and iron from three meals and those of iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and niacin from snacks of the group aged 1 to 3 were all below 1. The INQs of calcium and vitamin B2 from three meals and those of vitamin A and niacin from snacks of the group aged 4 to 6 were all below 1. In conclusion, nutritional characteristics were different between the two age groups. More attention should be paid to improve adequacy of nutrient intake through meals. And dietary management for snacks is needed especially in the group aged 1 to 3.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.707-719
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• 2008

This study was carried out to find the relationship among dietary behavior, dietary self efficacy and nutrition knowledge according to the perceived body shape of the 5th and 6th grade elementary students in Gangwon Province and found out their relationships. The results are as follows; The factors that showed significant difference according to perceived body shape were gender, father's education level, the number of siblings, birth order, obesity of parents and siblings and ideal body shape. For the perceived body shape, the students answered generally normal(48.9%), slightly fat(27.9%), thin(16.5%) and very fat(6.7%). Out of total students 76.5% of them were not satisfied with their body shape such that satisfactory(23.5%), want to lose weight(61.4%) and want to increase weight(15.1%). The score of eating behavior showed significant difference between perceived body shape on such questions as eating speed(p<0.001), frequency of fatty food intake(p<0.001), adequate intake quantity(p<0.001), balanced diet(p<0.05), frequency of going out to eat(p<0.001). The score of diet self efficacy showed significant difference in the area of general habit on such questions as whether to eat slowly together with friends (p<0.001), whether to eat adequate quantity(p<0.001), whether not to have snacks after dinner(p<0.001). And in the area of food selection it showed significant difference on such questions as to select ice cream in stead of yoplait(p<0.001). In the area of social circumstance it showed significant difference on such questions as to reject the food(p<0.01) and to restrain food in birthday party or holiday(p<0.05). In the area of emotional status it showed significant difference on the question about food restrain when boring and depressed(p<0.05 respectively). The score of nutrition knowledge showed significant difference according to the perceived body shape on such questions as total score(p<0.01), five basic food group(p<0.05), snack and body weight(p<0.001), calcium function(p<0.01). It showed perceived body shape co-related with the nutrition knowledge(p<0.01). In summary, the perceived body shape for the highly eating behavior was generally normal, for the highly dietary self efficacy was slightly fat, and for the highly nutrition knowledge was also slightly fat.